From e3c0b957baa23adb432835a3ca5f4e805a649b0d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: scipio
The HAA is described in TEP 2: Hardware Abstraction Architecture[TEP2].
-Currently (as of the 2.0 beta release at TTX3), TinyOS 2.0 supports +
Currently (as of the 2.0 beta2 release in July 2006), TinyOS 2.0 supports the following platforms:
+@@ -375,6 +375,7 @@ the following platforms:
- btnode3
The btnode3 platform is not included in the beta2 RPM.
Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are devices that convert analog input -signals to discrete digital output signals, typically voltage to a digital +signals to discrete digital output signals, typically voltage to a binary number. The interested reader can refer to Appendix A for a brief overview of the ADC hardware on some current TinyOS platforms. In earlier versions of TinyOS, the distinction between a sensor and an ADC were blurred: this led @@ -378,10 +378,11 @@ interfaces for data collection and chip-specific configuration interfaces.
This TEP ends with appendices documenting, as an example, the ADC implementation for the TI MSP430 MCU.
@@ -417,9 +418,8 @@ occurs (the request may be buffered). sampling: If a call to ReadNow.read() succeeds, the ADC starts to sample the channel immediately (the request is not buffered). Due to its timing constraints the ReadNow interface is always provided in conjunction with an -instance of the Resource interface. A client MUST request access to the ADC -via the Resource interface before it can call ReadNow.read() and it MUST -release access via the Resource interface when it is finished (see [TEP108]). +instance of the Resource interface. Refer to [TEP108] on how the 'Resource' +interface should be used by a client component.As the ADC hardware is a shared resource that is multiplexed between several clients, it requires access arbitration. Therefore the HAL1 configuration -component SHOULD provide a parameterized 'Resource' interface, instantiate a +component should provide a parameterized 'Resource' interface, instantiate a generic arbiter component and connect the 'Resource' interface to the arbiter -as described in [TEP108]. To provide a uniform arbitration service for all -platforms on the level of HAL2 (see 4. HAL2 requirements), all ADCs should -be arbitrated in round robin fashion, i.e. the HAL1 SHOULD instantiate the -standard round robin arbiter. On the level of HAL1 a client MUST have -successfully requested access to the ADC via the 'Resource' interface before -it can configure / sample a channel. After use it MUST release the ADC via the -'Resource' interface (see [TEP108]).
+as described in [TEP108]. To ensure fair and uniform arbitration on all +platforms the standard round robin arbiter is recommended. Refer to [TEP108] +on how the 'Resource' interface is to be used by a client wiring to HAL1.As the ADC hardware is a shared resource the HAL1 SHOULD support hardware +
As the ADC hardware is a shared resource the HAL1 should support hardware configuration and sampling on a per-client basis (although per-port configuration is possible, it is not recommended, because it forces all -clients to use the same settings for a given port). Therefore an HAL1 SHOULD -provide "sampling interfaces" parameterized by a client identifier. An HAL1 +clients to use the same settings for a given port). Therefore an HAL1 should +provide sampling interfaces parameterized by a client identifier. An HAL1 client can use its instance of the sampling interface to configure the ADC hardware, start the sampling process and get conversion results. It wires to a sampling interface using a unique client identifier. All commands and events -in the sampling interface SHOULD be 'async' to reflect the potential timing -requirements of clients. An HAL1 MAY provide multiple different parameterized +in the sampling interface should be 'async' to reflect the potential timing +requirements of clients. An HAL1 may provide multiple different parameterized sampling interfaces, depending on the hardware capabilities. This allows to differentiate/group ADC functionality, for example single vs. repeated sampling, single channel vs. multiple channels or low-frequency vs. -high-frequency sampling. Every sampling interface SHOULD allow the client to +high-frequency sampling. Every sampling interface should allow the client to individually configure the ADC hardware, for example by including the configuration data as parameters in the sampling commands. However, if configuration data is passed as a pointer, the HAL1 component MUST NOT @@ -479,7 +475,7 @@ HAL1 interfaces for the TI MSP430 MCU.
In order to hide wiring complexities and/or export only a subset of all ADC -functions generic ADC wrapper components MAY be provided on the level of HAL1 +functions generic ADC wrapper components may be provided on the level of HAL1 to be instantiated by chip- and platform-dependent clients.
diff --git a/doc/html/tep103.html b/doc/html/tep103.html index 6ed078f4..d43a308b 100644 --- a/doc/html/tep103.html +++ b/doc/html/tep103.html @@ -303,9 +303,9 @@ ul.auto-toc {
David Gay, Jonathan Hui - Draft-Created: 27-Sep-2004 Draft-Version: 1.1.2.12 +- Draft-Version: 1.2 Draft-Modified: 2006-06-21 +Draft-Modified: 2006-07-12 diff --git a/doc/html/tep106.html b/doc/html/tep106.html index c8939f50..4becd9df 100644 --- a/doc/html/tep106.html +++ b/doc/html/tep106.html @@ -303,9 +303,9 @@ ul.auto-toc { Draft-Discuss: TinyOS Developer List <tinyos-devel at mail.millennium.berkeley.edu> Philip Levis and Cory Sharp - Draft-Created: 10-Dec-2004 Draft-Version: 1.1.2.9 +- Draft-Version: 1.3 Draft-Modified: 2006-06-13 +Draft-Modified: 2006-09-08 @@ -524,7 +524,8 @@ module SchedulerBasicP { Draft-Discuss: TinyOS Developer List <tinyos-devel at mail.millennium.berkeley.edu> A scheduler MUST provide a parameterized TaskBasic interface. If a call to TaskBasic.postTask() returns SUCCESS, the scheduler MUST run it -eventually. The scheduler MUST return SUCCESS to a TaskBasic.postTask() +eventually, so that starvation is not a concern. The scheduler MUST +return SUCCESS to a TaskBasic.postTask() operation unless it is not the first call to TaskBasic.postTask() since that task's TaskBasic.runTask() event has been signaled. The McuSleep interface is used for microcontroller power management; @@ -558,7 +559,7 @@ interface TaskBasic { void event runTask(); } -
When a component declares a task with the task keyword in nesC, it +
When a component declares a task with the task keyword in nesC, it is implicitly declaring that it uses an instance of the TaskBasic interface: the task body is the runTask event. When a component uses the post keyword, it calls the postTask command. Each TaskBasic MUST be @@ -582,11 +583,11 @@ that provides wire-through of SchedulerBasicP.
SHOULD put a configuration named TinySchedulerC in the application directory: this will replace the default. The scheduler component provides a wire-through of the desired scheduler implementation. All -scheduler implementations SHOULD provide a parameterize TaskBasic +scheduler implementations MUST provide a parameterize TaskBasic interface, as SchedulerBasicP does; this supports nesC post statements -and task declarations. If a scheduler does not provide the TaskBasic -interface, compiling applications requires modifying the standard -ncc scheduler parameters (as described in Appendix A). All scheduler +and task declarations and enables TinyOS core systems to operate +properly. Generally, TinyOS core code needs to be able to run unchanged +with new scheduler implementations. All scheduler implementations MUST provide the Scheduler interface.For example, imagine a hypothetical scheduler that provides earliest deadline first tasks, which are provided through the TaskEdf @@ -663,11 +664,15 @@ implementation { } } +
The requirement that basic tasks not be subject to starvation +requires that a scheduler supporting EDF tasks must ensure that +basic tasks run eventually even if there is an unending stream of +short deadline tasks to run.
If the scheduler provides two instances of the same task interface, their unique keys are based on the name of the interface as the scheduler presents it (the "as" keyword). For example, imagine a scheduler which provides two instances of TaskBasic: standard -tasks and high-priority tasks. The scheduler always selects a task +tasks and high-priority tasks. The scheduler usually selects a task for the high priority queue before the standard queue:
configuration TinySchedulerC { @@ -676,8 +681,9 @@ configuration TinySchedulerC { provides interface TaskBasic[uint8_t taskID] as TaskHighPriority; }-A component that uses a high priority task would then wire to -TaskHighPriority with the key "TinySchedulerC.TaskHighPriority":
+It cannot always select a high priority task because that could +starve basic tasks. A component that uses a high priority task would +wire to TaskHighPriority with the key "TinySchedulerC.TaskHighPriority":
configuration SomethingElseC {} implementation { diff --git a/doc/html/tep107.html b/doc/html/tep107.html index 5c9f4e36..4814463f 100644 --- a/doc/html/tep107.html +++ b/doc/html/tep107.html @@ -303,9 +303,9 @@ ul.auto-toc {Philip Levis - Draft-Created: 10-Dec-2004 Draft-Version: 1.1.2.11 +- Draft-Version: 1.2 Draft-Modified: 2006-06-13 +Draft-Modified: 2006-07-12 diff --git a/doc/html/tep108.html b/doc/html/tep108.html index 795f1ca0..f1d33c11 100644 --- a/doc/html/tep108.html +++ b/doc/html/tep108.html @@ -307,9 +307,9 @@ ul.auto-toc { Draft-Discuss: TinyOS Developer List <tinyos-devel at mail.millennium.berkeley.edu>
Vlado Handziski- Draft-Created: 28-Mar-2005 Draft-Version: 1.1.2.9 +- Draft-Version: 1.3 Draft-Modified: 2006-06-21 +Draft-Modified: 2006-09-08 @@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ arbitrate access to shared abstractions. Draft-Discuss: TinyOS Developer List <tinyos-devel at mail.millennium.berkeley.edu> TinyOS 1.x has two mechanisms for managing shared resources: virtualization and completion events. A virtualized resource appears as an independent instance of an abstraction, such as the Timer -interface is TimerC. A client of a Timer instance can use it +interface in TimerC. A client of a Timer instance can use it independently of the others: TimerC virtualizes the underlying hardware clock into N separate timers.
Some abstractions, however, are not well suited to virtualization: @@ -341,14 +341,12 @@ programs need the control provided by a physical abstraction. For example, components in 1.x share a single communication stack, GenericComm. GenericComm can only handle one outgoing packet at a time. If a component tries to send a packet when GenericComm is -already busy, then the call returns FAIL. Therefore, shared use of -GenericComm follows a first-come, first-served arbitration policy. If -a component sends a packet but GenericComm is busy, the component -needs a way to tell when GenericComm is free so it can retry. TinyOS +already busy, then the call returns FAIL. The component needs a way to +tell when GenericComm is free so it can retry. TinyOS 1.x provides the mechanism of a global completion event which is -signalled whenever a packet send completes. Interested components can +signaled whenever a packet send completes. Interested components can handle this event and retry.
-The approach to physical (rather than virtualized) abstractions +
This approach to physical (rather than virtualized) abstractions has several drawbacks:
-
- If you need to make several requests, you have to handle the @@ -362,100 +360,68 @@ via this software interface. For instance, I2C buses have a concept of "repeated start" when doing multiple bus transactions, but it is not clear how to use this in TinyOS 1.x's I2C abstraction.
- Most TinyOS 1.x services do not provide a very convenient way of -monitoring an abstractions's availability for the purpose of retries, +monitoring an abstraction's availability for the purpose of retries, nor very clear documentation of which requests could happen simultaneously.
A single approach to resource sharing is not appropriate for all -circumstances. For instance, requiring resource reservation allows -programs to have better timing guarantees for access to an A/D converter. -But if a program does not need precise timing guarantees (e.g., when measuring -temperature in a biological monitoring application), this extra resource -reservation step unnecessarily complicates code.
+It should be clear that a single approach to resource sharing is not appropriate +for all circumstances. For instance, requiring explicit reservation of a +resource allows programs to have better timing guarantees for access to an A/D +converter. If a program does not need precise timing guarantees, however (e.g., +when measuring temperature in a biological monitoring application), this extra +resource reservation step unnecessarily complicates code and can be handled +nicely using virtualization. The following section introduces the concept of +resource classes in order to address this issue. The sharing policy used by a +particular resource abstraction is dictated by the resource class it belongs to.
TinyOS 2.x distinguishes between three kinds of abstractions: -dedicated, shared, and virtualized. -Components offer resource sharing mechanisms appropriate to their -goals and level of abstraction. As discussed in Section 2.1, access -control to dedicated abstractions is generally handled -through nesC interfaces. As discussed in Section 2.2, access control -to virtualized abstractions is handled through software design -patterns such as the Service Instance [3] and/or -queueing. Section 2.3 addresses with the most complex class of -abstraction, shared, while Section 3 describes the -components and interfaces used to arbitrate access to this class.
-Hardware Presentation Layer (HPL) components of the HAA [1] are not -virtual, as virtualization inevitably requires state. Depending on their -expected use, HPL abstractions are either dedicated or +dedicated, virtualized, and shared. Components offer resource +sharing mechanisms appropriate to their goals and level of abstraction.
+Note
+It is important to point out that Hardware Presentation Layer (HPL) +components of the HAA [1] can never be virtualized, as virtualization +inevitably requires state. Depending on their +expected use, HPL abstractions can either be dedicated or shared. For example, while hardware timers are rarely multiplexed between multiple components, buses almost always are. -For example, on the MSP430 microcontroller, compare and counter registers are -dedicated, while the USARTs are shared.
+This can be seen on the MSP430 microcontroller, where the compare and +counter registers are implemented as dedicated resources, and the USARTs +are shared ones. +An abstraction is dedicated if it is a resource -which a subsystem needs exclusive access to at all times. Examples of -dedicated abstractions include interrupts and counters. -Generally, a physical and dedicated abstraction is just an interface -which its user wires to. For example, on the Atmega128, Timer 2 is -presented by the component HplAtm128Timer2C:
--module HplAtm128Timer2C { - provides { - interface HplTimer<uint8_t> as Timer2; - interface HplTimerCtrl8 as Timer2Ctrl; - interface HplCompare<uint8_t> as Compare2; - } -} -+which a subsystem needs exclusive access to at all times. +In this class of resources, no sharing policy is needed since only +a single component ever requires use of the resource. Examples of +dedicated abstractions include interrupts and counters.
Dedicated abstractions MAY be annotated with the nesC attribute -@atmostonce or @exactlyonce is to provide compile-time checks that +@atmostonce or @exactlyonce to provide compile-time checks that their usage assumptions are not violated.
+Please refer to Appendix A for an example of how a dedicated +resource might be represented, including the use of +the nesC @exactlyonce attribute.
Virtual abstractions hide multiple clients from each other -through software virtualization. Every client of the resource thinks it -has its own independent instance of the resource, but these virtualized -instances are multiplexed on top of a single underlying resource. Because -the virtualization is in software, there is no upper bound on the number -of clients of the abstraction, barring memory or efficiency constraints. -For example, the TimerMilliC component provides a virtual and shared -abstraction of millisecond precision timers to application -components [2]. As virtualization usually requires keeping state -that scales with the number of virtualized instances, -virtualized resources often use the Service Instance pattern [3], -which is based on a parameterized interface. For example, HilTimerMilliC -provides multiple virtualized timer clients and auto-wires the -chip timer implementation (HilTimerMilliC [2]) to the boot initialization -sequence:
--configuration TimerMilliP { - provides interface Timer<TMilli> as TimerMilli[uint8_t num]; -} -implementation { - components HilTimerMilliC, MainC; - MainC.SoftwareInit -> HilTimerMilliC; - TimerMilli = HilTimerMilliC; -} --
while TimerMilliC encapsulates this in a generic configuration:
--generic configuration TimerMilliC { - provides interface Timer<TMilli>; -} -implementation { - components HilTimerMilliC; - Timer = HilTimerMilliC.Timer[unique(UQ_TIMER_MILLI)]; -} --
Virtualization generally allows a client to use a very simple interface. -This simplicity comes at a cost of reduced efficiency and an inability to -precisely control the underlying resource. For example, TimerMilli32C -introduces CPU overhead from dispatching and maintaining all of the -virtual timers as well as jitter from when two timers want to fire at -the same time.
+through software virtualization. Every client of a virtualized resource +interacts with it as if it were a dedicated resource, with all virtualized +instances being multiplexed on top of a single underlying resource. Because +the virtualization is done in software, there is no upper bound on the number +of clients using the abstraction, barring memory or efficiency constraints. +As virtualization usually requires keeping state that scales with the number +of virtualized instances, virtualized resources often use the Service Instance +pattern [3], which is based on a parameterized interface. +Virtualization generally provides a very simple interface to its clients. +This simplicity comes at the cost of reduced efficiency and an inability to +precisely control the underlying resource. For example, a virtualized +timer resource introduces CPU overhead from dispatching and maintaining +each individual virtual timer, as well as introducing jitter whenever two +timers happen to fire at the same time. Please refer to Appendix A for an +example of how such a virtualized timer resource might be implemented.
In TinyOS 2.x, a resource arbiter is responsible for this -multiplexing. The arbiter determines which client has access to the -resource. While a client holds a resource, it has complete and -unfettered control. Arbiters assume that clients are cooperative, only -acquiring the resource when needed and holding on to it no longer than -necessary. Clients explicitly release resources: there is no way for -an arbiter to forcibly reclaim it.
A motivating example of a shared resource is a bus. The bus may have multiple peripherals on it, corresponding to different subsystems. For example, on the Telos platform the flash @@ -482,136 +441,92 @@ but they also need to share it with the other subsystem. In this case, virtualization is problematic, as the radio stack needs to be able to perform a series of operations in quick succession without having to reacquire the bus in each case. Having the bus be a -physical but shared resource allows the radio stack to -send a series of operations atomically across to the radio without -having to buffer them all up in memory beforehand (which would -introduce memory pressure).
+shared resource allows the radio stack to send a series of operations +to the radio atomically, without having to buffer them all up +in memory beforehand (introducing memory pressure in the process). +In TinyOS 2.x, a resource arbiter is responsible for multiplexing +between the different clients of a shared resource. It determines +which client has access to the resource at which time. While a client +holds a resource, it has complete and unfettered control. Arbiters assume +that clients are cooperative, only acquiring the resource when needed +and holding on to it no longer than necessary. Clients explicitly +release resources: there is no way for an arbiter to forcibly reclaim it. +The following section is dedicated to describing the arbiter and its +interfaces.
Every shared resource has an arbiter to manage which client can use the resource at any given time. Because an arbiter is a -centralized place that knows whether the resource is in use, it also -provides information useful for a variety of other services, such as +centralized place that knows whether the resource is in use, it can also +provide information useful for a variety of other services, such as power management. An arbiter MUST provide a parameterized Resource interface as well as an instance of the ArbiterInfo interface. An -arbiter SHOULD also provide an instance of ResourceController and -ResourceConfigure interfaces. An arbiter MAY provide additional -interfaces or instance of interfaces in order to provide a particular -arbitration policy.
+arbiter SHOULD also provide a parameterized ResourceRequested interface +and use a parameterized ResourceConfigure interface. It MAY also provide +an instance of the ResourceController interface or any additional +interfaces specific to the particular arbitration policy being +implemented.Clients of a shared resource arbiter request access -with the Resource interface:
+using the Resource interface:interface Resource { async command error_t request(); async command error_t immediateRequest(); event void granted(); - async command void release(); + async command error_t release(); + async command bool isOwner(); }-
A client lets an arbiter know it needs access to the resource with -a call to request(). The arbiter signals the granted() event to a -client when it gains exclusive access to the resource. A client -can also acquire the resource with immediateRequest(). The -return value of this call determines whether the client was able -to acquire the resource. If immmediateRequest() does not successfully -acquire the resource (does not return SUCCESS), then it can try to do -so in the standard, -split-phase way with request(). If the call to immediateRequest() -returns SUCCESS, then the arbiter MUST NOT issue a granted() event.
-An arbiter MUST provide a parameterized Resource interface, +
A client lets an arbiter know it needs access to a resource by +making a call to request(). If the resource is free, +SUCCESS is returned, and a granted event is signaled +back to the client. If the resource is busy, SUCCESS will +still be returned, but the request will be queued +according to the queuing policy of the arbiter. Whenever a client is +done with the resource, it calls the release() command, and the next +client in the request queue is given access to the resource and +is signaled its granted() event. If a client ever makes multiple +requests before receiving a granted event, an EBUSY value is returned, +and the request is not queued. Using this policy, clients are not able to +hog the resource queue by making multiple requests, but they may still be +able to hog the resource if they do not release it in a timely manner.
+Clients can also request the use of a resource through the +immediateRequest() command. A call to immediateRequest() can either +return SUCCESS or FAIL, with requests made through this command never being +queued. If a call to immediateRequest() returns SUCCESS, the client is granted +access to the resource immediately after the call has returned, and no granted +event is ever signaled. If it returns FAIL, the client is not granted access to +the resource and the request does not get queued. The client will have to try +and gain access to the resource again later.
+A client can use the isOwner command of the Resource interface to +check if it is the current owner of the resource. This command is mostly +used to perform runtime checks to make sure that clients not owning a resource +are not able to use it. If a call to isOwner fails, then no call +should be made to commands provided by that resource.
+An arbiter MUST provide exactly one parameterized Resource interface, where the parameter is a client ID, following the Service -Instance pattern [3]. An arbitrated component SomeNameC MUST +Instance pattern[3]_. An arbitrated component SomeNameP MUST #define SOME_NAME_RESOURCE to a string which can be passed to unique() -to obtain a client id. For instance, an I2C bus might look like this:
--includes I2CPacketC; -configuration I2CPacketC { - provides { - interface Resource[uint8_t id]; - interface I2CPacket[uint8_t busId]; - } -} ... --
where I2CPacketC.h contains the #define for the resource:
--#ifndef I2CPACKETC_H -#define I2CPACKETC_H -#define I2CPACKET_RESOURCE "I2CPacket.Resource" -#endif --
The #define for the unique string must be placed in a separate file -because of the way nesC files are preprocessed: referring to I2CPacketC -isn't enough to ensure that macros #define'd in I2CPacketC are visible -in the referring component.
-For example, clients of the I2C service might use it as follows:
--module I2CUserM { - uses interface Resource as I2CResource; - uses interface I2CPacket; -} ... - -#include <I2CPacketC.h> -configuration I2CUserC { } -implementation { - components I2CUserM, I2CPacketC; - - I2CUserM.I2CResource -> I2CPacketC.Resource[unique(I2C_RESOURCE)]; - I2CUserM.I2CPacket -> I2CPacket.I2CPacket[0x73]; // using I2C device 0x73 -} -+to obtain a client id. This #define must be placed in a separate file +because of the way nesC files are preprocessed: including the +SomeNameP component isn't enough to ensure that macros #define'd in +SomeNameP are visible in the referring component. +
Please refer to Appendix B for an example of how to wrap this component +inside a generic configuration. Wrapping the component in this way ensures that +each Resource client is given a unique client ID, with the added +benefit of properly coupling multiple components that all need to +refer to the same client ID.
+For a complete example of how the I2C resource might be abstracted +according to this pattern, please refer to Appendix B. For further +examples please refer to the various chip implementations in the +tinyos-2.x source tree under tinyos-2.x/chips/
An arbiter SHOULD provide one instance of the ResourceController -interface and MAY provide more than one. The Resource interface is for -simple and basic use cases, where clients are peers that share the -resource in some equal fashion. ResourceController is for clients that -require additional information due to the policies of the arbiter and -how they use the resource. The ResourceController interface is based -on Resource, but introduces two additional events, idle() and -requested():
--interface ResourceController { - async command error_t request(); - async command error_t immediateRequest(); - event void granted(); - async command void release(); - async event void requested(); - async event void idle(); -} --
An arbiter signals the requested event if the client currently has the resource -and some other client has requested it. It signals the idle() event when -no client holds the resource.
-ResourceController allows an arbiter to provide a much richer set of -policies than simple sharing. For example, arbiters that want to -incorporate a power management policy can provide ResourceController -for a power management component. The power management component can -detect when nobody is using the resource with idle(), acquire it -atomically with immediateRequest(), and power it down. When another -client requests the resource, the power manager will handle the -requested() event. It can then power up the resource and release it -when the power up completes. Note that if power up is a split-phase -operation (takes a while), then calls by clients to immediateRequest() -when in powered down state will not return SUCCESS. See TEP 115 for -details. The default arbiters in TinyOS 2.x (see Section 4) all provide a -single instance of ResourceController, in order to enable power -management as described above.
-ResourceController can also be used for special case clients: the -algorithm used to determine when its requests are handled in -comparison to instances of Resource is arbiter specific. Therefore, -arbiters MAY provide one or more instances of ResourceController. For -example, the FcfsPriorityArbiter has a single high-priority client who -is always granted access to the resource before any other client. -Other clients only obtain the resource if the high-priority client has -not requested it or when the high-priority client releases it.
-Arbiters MUST provide an instance of the ArbiterInfo interface. The ArbiterInfo interface allows a component to query the current status of an arbiter:
@@ -623,133 +538,297 @@ interface ArbiterInfo {The ArbiterInfo interface has a variety of uses. For example, the resource implementation can use it to refuse requests from clients that do not -currently have access. In this case, the abstraction would need to provide -a parameterized interface for its operations so it could distinguish separate -clients, and the client ID for its operations would need to be the same -as the client ID for the arbiter.
+currently have access. For an example of how this interface is used +in this fashion please refer to Appendix B. +Sometimes it is useful for a client to be able to hold onto a resource until +someone else needs it and only at that time decide to release it. Using the +ResourceRequested interface, this information is made available to the current +owner of a resource:
++interface ResourceRequested { + async event void requested(); + async event void immediateRequested(); +} ++
A requested event is signaled to the current owner of the resource if another +client makes a request for the resource through the request() command of +its Resource interface. If a request is made through the immediateRequest() +command, then the immediateRequested() event is signaled.
+An arbiter SHOULD provide a parameterized ResourceRequested interface to its +clients, but is not required to. The client id of the parameterized +ResourceRequested interface should be coupled with the client id of the Resource +interface to ensure that all events are signaled to the proper clients. Please +refer to Appendix B for an example of how this interface might be used.
The ResourceConfigure interface provides a mechanism for clients that need -to use a resource with different configurations. Rather than forcing a -client to reconfigure the resource itself, the component representing a -client can wire to an arbiter's ResourceConfigure interface, which is called -before the client is granted the resource.
-For example, the MSP430 USART0 bus can operate in three modes: SPI, I2C, and -UART. Using all three concurrently is problematic: only one should be enabled -at a time. However, different clients of the bus might need different bus -protocols. For example, Telos sensors use an I2C, while the radio and flash -chip use SPI.
-Arbiters MAY use a parameterized ResourceConfigure interface:
+The ResourceConfigure interface provides a mechanism for clients +that need to use a resource with different configurations to do so. +Rather than forcing a client to reconfigure the resource itself, the +component representing a client can wire to an arbiter's +ResourceConfigure interface, which is called just before granting the +client the resource:
interface ResourceConfigure { async command void configure(); async command void unconfigure(); }-
The parameter is the client ID, and corresponds directly to an instance of -the Resource interface. For example:
--generic component RoundRobinArbiterC { - provides { - interface Resource[uint8_t id]; - interface ResourceController; - interface ArbiterInfo; - } - uses { - interface ResourceConfigure[uint8_t id]; - } -} --
If an arbiter uses the ResourceConfigure interface, before it signals the -Resource.granted() event and before it returns SUCCESS from a call to -Resource.immediateRequest(), it MUST call ResourceConfigure.configure() on -the granted client ID. Similarly, after a valid call to Resource.release(), -it MUST call ResourceConfigure.unconfigure() on the releasing client ID.
-Using a parameterized interface that calls out rather than a decorator -on the Resource interface simplifies code reuse. Using a decorator -could lead to a large number of clients all including redundant -configuration code, while the call out will only have one instance -of the code. For example, an SPI client might look like this:
+The arbiter SHOULD use a parameterized ResourceConfigure interface, with +its client ID parameter coupled with the client id of its parameterized +Resource interface. If an arbiter uses the ResourceConfigure interface, +it MUST call ResourceConfigure.configure() on the granted client ID +before it signals the Resource.granted() event. Similarly, after a valid +call to Resource.release(), it MUST call ResourceConfigure.unconfigure() +on the releasing client ID. By calling ResourceConfigure.configure() just +before granting a client access to a resource and calling +ResourceConfigure.unconfigure() just before fully releasing it, it is guaranteed +that a resource is always unconfigured before an attempt to configure it can be +made again.
+Using the parameterized ResourceConfigure interface that calls out rather than +additional commands being put into the Resource interface +simplifies code reuse. Introducing these new commands into the +Resource interface could lead to a large number of clients all +including redundant configuration code, while using the call out +approach provided by the parameterized interface will only have one +instance of the code.
+For an example of how the three different modes of the Msp430 Usart +component can take advantage of this ResourceConfigure interface +please refer to Appendix B as well as section 4 on the use of +cross-component reservation.
+The normal Resource interface is for use by clients that all share the resource +in an equal fashion. The ResourceController interface is for use by a single +client that needs to be given control of the resource whenever no one else is +using it. An arbiter MAY provide a single instance of the ResourceController +interface.:
-generic component Msp430Spi0ClientC { - provides { - interface Resource; - interface SPIByte; - interface SPIPacket; - } -} -implementation { - enum {MSP430_SPI0_CLIENT = unique(MSP430_USART_RESOURCE); - components Msp430Usart0C, Msp430Spi0Configure as Configure; - - Resource = Msp430Usart0C.Resource[MSP430_SPI0_CLIENT]; - Msp430Usart0C.ResourceConfigure[MSP430_SPI0_CLIENT] -> Configure; +interface ResourceController { + async event void granted(); + async command error_t release(); + async command bool isOwner(); + async event void requested(); + async event void immediateRequested(); }-
Arbiters SHOULD provide a parameterized ResourceConfigure interface.
+The Arbiter MUST guarantee that the user of the ResourceController interface is +made the owner of the resource before the boot initialization sequence is +completed. When a normal resource client makes a request for the resource, the +ResourceController will receive either a requested() or an immediateRequested() +event depending on how the request was made. It must then decide if and when to +release it. Once released, all clients that have pending requests will be +granted access to the resource in the order determined by the queuing policy of +the arbiter in use. Once all pending requests have been granted (including +those that came in while other clients had access to the resource), the +ResourceController is automatically given control of the resource, receiving its +granted() event in the process. The ResourceController interface also contains +the same isOwner() command as the normal Resource interface, and the semantics +of its use are exactly the same.
+Although the ResourceController interface looks similar to a combination of the +normal Resource interface and the ResourceRequested interface, its intended use +is quite different. The ResourceController interface should only be used by +clients that wish to have access to a resource only when no other clients are +using it. They do not actively seek out access to the resource, but rather use +it to perform operations when it would otherwise simply be idle.
+Combining the use of the Resource and ResourceRequested interfaces could be made +to operate in a similar manner as the ResourceController interface, except that +there is no way to tell a client with these interfaces that a resource has gone +completely idle. Each client must actively request the use of the resource and +be granted that resource in the order determined by the queuing policy of its +arbiter. With the ResourceController interface, there is no active request of +the resource. The arbiter simply signals the granted event to the +ResourceController whenever there are no more pending requests and the last +client that owned the resource releases it.
+The primary motivation behind the definition of the ResourceController +interface was to allow for an easy integration of the power management +policy used by the resource with the arbitration of the resource +itself. Arbiters that want to allow a resource to be controlled by a particular power management policy can provide the ResourceController interface +for use by a component that implements that policy. The power management component will receive the granted() event whenever the resource has gone idle, +and will then proceed in powering it down. When another +client requests the resource, the power manager will be notified through +either the requested() or immediateRequested() events as appropriate. It +can then power up the resource and release it once the power up has completed. +Note that if power up is a split-phase operation (takes a while), then calls +by clients to immediateRequest() when in the powered down state will not return +SUCCESS. Please see the TEP on the Power Management of Non-Virtualized devices +([4]) for more details.
+In some cases, it is desirable to share reservation of resources -across components. For example, on the TI MSP430, the same pins can -be used as an I2C bus, a UART, or an SPI connection. Clearly, on this -chip, a reservation of the I2C bus implicitly reserves the -corresponding UART and SPI. This can be accomplished in the framework -described above by:
+In some cases, it is desirable to share the reservation of a +single resource across multiple components. For example, on the TI +MSP430, a single USART component can be used as an I2C bus, a UART, +or an SPI connection. Clearly, on this chip, a reservation of the I2C +bus implicitly restricts the corresponding UART and SPI +services from gaining access to the resource. Enforcing such a policy +can be accomplished in the framework described above by:
++-
-- using the same unique string for all three resources
+- Creating a set of unique ids for each service using the shared +resource.
+- Mapping these ids onto the ids of the underlying resource
2) wiring the three parameterised Resource interfaces to the same -arbiter
-The common way to do this is as follows (the UART and SPI components -are omitted, they are similar to I2CC, low-level I2C component):
+
Clients connecting to these services do not know that that this +mapping is taking place. As far as they are concerned, the only +arbitration taking place is between other clients using the same +service. In the MSP430 example, a single client of the I2C bus could +be contending with a single client of the SPI connection, but they +would probably have the same service level client ID. These two +service level client ids would be mapped onto 2 unique resource ids +for use by the shared USART component. The proper way to achieve this +mapping is through the use of generic components. The example given +below shows how to perform this mapping for the SPI component on the +MSP430. It is done similarly for the UART and I2C bus:
-#define I2C_RESOURCE MSP_BUS_RESOURCE -configuration I2CC { - provides interface Resource[uint8_t clientId]; - provides interface I2C; +#include "Msp430Usart.h" +generic configuration Msp430Spi0C() { + provides interface Resource; + provides interface SpiByte; + provides interface SpiPacket; } implementation { - components MspBusC, I2CM; + enum { CLIENT_ID = unique(MSP430_SPIO_BUS) }; + + components Msp430Spi0P as SpiP; + Resource = SpiP.Resource[ CLIENT_ID ]; + SpiByte = SpiP.SpiByte; + SpiPacket = SpiP.SpiPacket[ CLIENT_ID ]; - Resource = MspBusC.Resource; - I2C = I2CM.I2C; + components new Msp430Usart0C() as UsartC; + SpiP.UsartResource[ CLIENT_ID ] -> UsartC.Resource; + SpiP.UsartInterrupts -> UsartC.HplMsp430UsartInterrupts; }-
MspBusC (the arbiter for the MSP bus):
--#define MSP_BUS_RESOURCE "MspBus.Resource" -configuration { - provides interface Resource[uint8_t clientId]; -} ... --
The definition of the MSP430_SPIO_BUS string is defined in +Msp430Usart.h. A unique id is created from this string every time a +new Msp430Spi0C component is instantiated. This id is used as a +parameter to the parameterized Resource interface provided by the +Msp430Spi0P component. This is where the mapping of the two +different ids begins. As well as providing a parameterized +Resource interface, the Msp430Spi0P component also uses a +parameterized Resource interface. Whenever a client makes a call +through the provided Resource interface with id CLIENT_ID, an +underlying call to the used Resource interface with the same id is +implicitly made. By wiring the used Resource interface with id +CLIENT_ID to the instance of the Resource interface provided by the +instantiation of the Msp430Usart0C component, the mapping is complete. +Any calls to the Resource interface provided by a new instantiation of +the Msp430Spi0C component will now be made through a unique Resource +interface on the underlying Msp430Usart0C component.
+This level of indirection is necessary because it may not always be +desirable to directly wire the service level Resource interface to +the underlying shared Resource interface. Sometimes we may want to +perform some operations between a service level command being +called, and calling the underlying command on the shared resource. +With such a mapping, inserting these operations is made possible.
+Having such a mapping is also important for services that need to +explicitly keep track of the number of clients they have, +independent from how many total clients the underlying shared +resource has. For example, a sensor implementation that uses an +underlying ADC resource may wish to power down its sensor whenever it +has no clients. It doesn't want to have to wait until the entire ADC +is free to do so. Providing this mapping allows the implicit power +manager components described in TEP 115 to be wired in at both levels +of the abstraction without interfering with one another. In this +way, implementations of these components become much simpler, and code +reuse is encouraged.
+Implementations of components similar to this one can be found in the +tinyos-2.x source tree in the tos/chips/msp430/uart directory
Because most components use one of a small number of arbitration -policies, TinyOS includes a number of default resource arbiters. These +policies, tinyos-2.x includes a number of default resource arbiters. These arbiters can be found in tinyos-2.x/tos/system and are all -generic components that include this signature:
+generic components that include one of the two signatures seen below:-generic module ArbiterC { +generic module SimpleArbiter { + provides interface Resource[uint8_t id]; + provides interface ResourceRequested[uint8_t id]; + provides interface ArbiterInfo; + uses interface ResourceConfigure[uint8_t id]; +} + +generic module Arbiter { provides interface Resource[uint8_t id]; + provides interface ResourceRequested[uint8_t id]; provides interface ResourceController; provides interface ArbiterInfo; uses interface ResourceConfigure[uint8_t id]; }-
For example, RoundRobinArbiterC provides round-robin arbitration. This -arbiter assigns a fixed order to all clients and grants outstanding -requests in that order, which is based on client ID. FcfsArbiterC -provides a FIFO order, where requests are serviced in the order they -are received. FcfsPriorityArbiterC is similar to FcfsArbiterC, but -provides an additional ResourceController interface for the -high-priority client.
+The "Simple" arbiters are intended for use by resources that +do not require the additional overhead incurred by providing the +ResourceController interface.
+For many situations, changing an arbitration policy requires nothing +more than changing the queuing policy it uses to decide the order in +which incoming requests should be granted. In this way, separating +queuing policy implementations from actual arbitration implementations +encourages code reuse. The introduction of the SimpleArbiterP and +ArbiterP components found under tinyos-2.x/tos/system help in this +separation. They can be wired to components providing +a particular queuing policy through the use of the ResourceQueue +interface.:
++interface ResourceQueue { + async command bool isEmpty(); + async command bool isEnqueued(resource_client_id_t id); + async command resource_client_id_t dequeue(); + async command error_t enqueue(resource_client_id_t id); +} ++
An example of wiring a First-Come-First-Serve (FCFS) queuing policy to +the SimpleArbiterP component using the ResourceQueue interface +defined above can be seen below:
++generic configuration SimpleFcfsArbiterC(char resourceName[]) { + provides { + interface Resource[uint8_t id]; + interface ResourceRequested[uint8_t id]; + interface ArbiterInfo; + } + uses interface ResourceConfigure[uint8_t id]; +} +implementation { + components MainC; + components new FcfsResourceQueueC(uniqueCount(resourceName)) as Queue; + components new SimpleArbiterP() as Arbiter; + + MainC.SoftwareInit -> Queue; + + Resource = Arbiter; + ResourceRequested = Arbiter; + ArbiterInfo = Arbiter; + ResourceConfigure = Arbiter; + + Arbiter.Queue -> Queue; +} ++
This generic configuration can instantiated by a resource in order +to grant requests made by its clients in an FCFS fashion.
+All of the default queuing policies provided in tinyos-2.x along with the +respective arbitration components that have been built using them are +given below:
++Queuing Policies: +- FcfsResourceQueueC +- RoundRobinResourceQueueC
+Arbiters: +- SimpleFcfsArbiterC +- FcfsArbiterC +- SimpleRoundRobinArbiterC +- RoundRobinArbiterC
+
[1] | TEP 2: Hardware Abstraction Architecture. |
[1] | TEP 2: Hardware Abstraction Architecture. |
[2] | TEP 102: Timers. |
[2] | (1, 2) TEP 102: Timers. |
[3] | Service Instance Pattern. In Software Design Patterns for TinyOS. David Gay, Philip Levis, and David Culler. Published in Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED 2005 Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems (LCTES'05). |
[4] | TEP 115: Power Management of Non-Virtualized Devices. |
[3] | (1, 2, 3) Service Instance Pattern. In Software Design Patterns for TinyOS. David Gay, Philip Levis, and David Culler. Published in Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED 2005 Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems (LCTES'05). |
[5] | TinyOS Programming. http://csl.stanford.edu/~pal/pubs/tinyos-programming-1-0.pdf |
Timer 2 on the Atmega128 microprocessor is a dedicated resource +represented by the HplAtm128Timer2C component:
++module HplAtm128Timer2C { + provides { + interface HplTimer<uint8_t> as Timer2 @exactlyonce(); + interface HplTimerCtrl8 as Timer2Ctrl @exactlyonce(); + interface HplCompare<uint8_t> as Compare2 @exactlyonce(); + } +} ++
Only a single client can wire to any of these interfaces as enforced through +the nesC @exactlyonce attribute. Keep in mind that although the interfaces of +this component are only allowed to be wired to once, nothing prevents the +component wiring to them from virtualizing the services they provide at some +higher level. If you are unfamiliar with how @exactlyonce and other nesC +attributes are used to by the nesC compiler, please refer to section 9.1 of the +TinyOS Programming Manual [5].
+The TimerMilliC component provides a virtual abstraction of millisecond +precision timers to application components [2]. It encapsulates the required +parameterized Timer interface through the use of a generic configuration. +Clients wishing to use a millisecond timer need only instantiate a single +instance of the TimerMilliC generic, leaving the fact that it is virtualized +underneath transparent.:
++generic configuration TimerMilliC { + provides interface Timer<TMilli>; +} +implementation { + components TimerMilliP; + Timer = TimerMilliP.TimerMilli[unique(UQ_TIMER_MILLI)]; +} ++
The actual parameterized Timer interface is provided by the chip specific +HilTimerMilliC component. This interface is exposed through +the TimerMilliP component which wires HilTimerMilliC to the boot +initialization sequence:
++configuration TimerMilliP { + provides interface Timer<TMilli> as TimerMilli[uint8_t num]; +} +implementation { + components HilTimerMilliC, MainC; + MainC.SoftwareInit -> HilTimerMilliC; + TimerMilli = HilTimerMilliC; +} ++
Examples of how to use the Resource interface for arbitrating +between multiple clients can be found in the tinyos-2.x +source tree under tinyos-2.x/apps/tests/TestArbiter.
+A specific example of where the Resource.isOwner() is used +can be seen in the HplTda5250DataP component of the Infineon +Tda5250 radio implementation:
++async command error_t HplTda5250Data.tx(uint8_t data) { + if(call UartResource.isOwner() == FALSE) + return FAIL; + call Usart.tx(data); + return SUCCESS; +} ++
A call to the HplTda5250Data.tx command will fail if the radio does +not currently have control of the underlying Usart resource. If it +does, then the Usart.tx(data) command is called as requested.
+A component using the Resource interface to implement an I2C +service might look like this:
++#include I2CPacket.h +configuration I2CPacketP { + provides interface Resource[uint8_t client]; + provides interface I2CPacket<I2CAddrSize>[uint8_t client]; +} +implementation { + components new FcfsArbiterC(I2CPACKET_RESOURCE) as Arbiter; + components I2CPacketImplP() as I2C; + ... + + Resource = Arbiter; + I2CPacket = I2C; + ... +} ++
where I2CPacketImplP contains the actual implementation of the +I2C service, and I2CPacket.h contains the #define for the +name of the resource required by the arbiter:
++#ifndef I2CPACKETC_H +#define I2CPACKETC_H +#define I2CPACKET_RESOURCE "I2CPacket.Resource" +#endif ++
This service would then be made available to a user through +the generic configuration seen below:
++#include I2CPacket.h +generic configuration I2CPacketC { + provides interface Resource; + provides interface I2CPacket<I2CAddrSize>; +} +implementation { + enum { CLIENT_ID = unique(I2CPACKET_RESOURCE) }; + + components I2CPacketP as I2C; + Resource = I2C.Resource[CLIENT_ID]; + I2CPacket = I2C.I2CPacket[CLIENT_ID]; +} ++
In this example, an instance of the I2CPacket interface is coupled with +an instance of the Resource interface on every new instantiation of +the I2CPacketC component. In this way, a single Resource and a +single I2CPacket interface can be exported by this component together +for use by a client.
+Clients of the I2C service would use it as follows:
++module I2CClientP { + uses interface Resource as I2CResource; + uses interface I2CPacket<I2CAddrSize>; +} ... + +configuration I2CClientC { } +implementation { + components I2CClientP, new I2CPacketC(); + + I2CClientP.I2CResource -> I2CPacketC.Resource; + I2CUserM.I2CPacket -> I2CPacket.I2CPacket; +} ++
In the implementation of the ADC component on the Msp430 microcontroller, +a simple arbiter is used to provide a round robin sharing policy +between clients of the ADC:
++configuration Msp430Adc12C { + provides interface Resource[uint8_t id]; + provides interface Msp430Adc12SingleChannel[uint8_t id]; + provides interface Msp430Adc12FastSingleChannel[uint8_t id]; +} +implementation { + components Msp430Adc12P,MainC, + new SimpleRoundRobinArbiterC(MSP430ADC12_RESOURCE) as Arbiter, + ... + + Resource = Arbiter; + SingleChannel = Msp430Adc12P.SingleChannel; + FastSingleChannel = Msp430Adc12P.FastSingleChannel; + + Msp430Adc12P.Init <- MainC; + Msp430Adc12P.ADCArbiterInfo -> Arbiter; + ... +} ++
In this configuration we see that the Resource interface provided by +Msp430Adc12C is wired directly to the instance of the SimpleRoundRobinArbiterC +component that is created. The ArbiterInfo interface provided by +SimpleRoundRobinArbiterC is then wired to Msp430Adc12P. The Msp430Adc12P +component then uses this interface to perform run time checks to ensure that +only the client that currently has access to the ADC resource is able to +use it:
++async command error_t Msp430Adc12SingleChannel.getSingleData[uint8_t id]() { + if (call ADCArbiterInfo.userId() == id){ + configureChannel() + // Start getting data + } + else return ERESERVE; +} + +async command error_t Msp430Adc12FastSingleChannel.configure[uint8_t id]() { + if (call ADCArbiterInfo.userId() == id){ + clientID = id + configureChannel() + } + else return ERESERVE; +} + +async command error_t Msp430Adc12FastSingleChannel.getSingleData[uint8_t id]() +{ + if (clientID = id) + // Start getting data + else return ERESERVE; +} ++
In order for these runtime checks to succeed, users of the +Msp430Adc12SingleChannel and Msp430Adc12FastSingleChannel interfaces will have +to match their client id's with the client id of a corresponding Resource +interface. This can be done in the following way:
++generic configuration Msp430Adc12ClientC() { + provides interface Resource; + provides interface Msp430Adc12SingleChannel; +} +implementation { + components Msp430Adc12C; + enum { ID = unique(MSP430ADC12_RESOURCE) }; + + Resource = Msp430Adc12C.Resource[ID]; + Msp430Adc12SingleChannel = Msp430Adc12C.SingleChannel[ID]; +} ++
+generic configuration Msp430Adc12FastClientC() { + provides interface Resource; + provides interface Msp430Adc12FastSingleChannel; +} +implementation { + components Msp430Adc12C; + enum { ID = unique(MSP430ADC12_RESOURCE) }; + + Resource = Msp430Adc12C.Resource[ID]; + Msp430Adc12FastSingleChannel = Msp430Adc12C.SingleChannel[ID]; +} ++
Since these are generic components, users simply need to instantiate them +in order to get access to a single Resource interface that is already +properly coupled with a Msp430Adc12SingleChannel or Msp430Adc12FastSingleChannel +interface.
+Take a look in the tinyos-2.x source tree under tinyos-2.x/tos/chips/adc12 +to see the full implementation of these components in their original context.
+On the eyesIFXv2 platform, both the radio and the flash need access to the bus +provided by the Usart0 component on the Msp430 microcontroller. Using +a simple cooperative arbitration policy, these two components should able to +share the Usart resource by only holding on to it as long as they need it and +then releasing it for use by the other component. In the case of the MAC +implementation of the Tda5250 radio component, however, the Msp430 Usart +resource needs be held onto indefinitely. It only ever considers releasing the +resource if a request from the flash component comes in through its +ResourceRequested interface. If it cannot release it right away (i.e. it is in +the middle of receiving a packet), it defers the release until some later point +in time. Once it is ready to release the resource, it releases it, but then +immediately requests it again. The flash is then able to do what it wants with +the Usart, with the radio regaining control soon thereafter.
+In the CsmaMacP implementation of the Tda5250 radio we see the ResourceRequested +event being implemented:
++async event void ResourceRequested.requested() { + atomic { + /* This gives other devices the chance to get the Resource + because RxMode implies a new arbitration round. */ + if (macState == RX) call Tda5250Control.RxMode()(); + } +} ++
Through several levels of wiring, the Tda5250 interface is provided to this +component by the Tda5250RadioP component:
++module Tda5250RadioP { + provides interface Tda5250Control; + uses interface Resource as UsartResource; + ... +} +implementation { + async command error_t Tda5250Control.RxMode() { + if(radioBusy() == FALSE) + call UsartResource.release(); + call UsartResource.request(); + } + event void UsartResource.granted() { + // Finish setting to RX Mode + } + ... +} ++
Although the full implementation of these components is not provided, the +functionality they exhibit should be clear. The CsmaMacP component receives the +ResourceRequested.requested() event when the flash requests the use of the +Msp430 Usart0 resource. If it is already in the receive state, it tries to +reset the receive state through a call to a lower level component. This +component checks to see if the radio is in the middle of doing anything (i.e. +the radioBusy() == FALSE check), and if not, releases the resource and then +requests it again.
+To see the full implementations of these components and their wirings to one +another, please refer to the tinyos-2.x source tree under +tinyos-2.x/tos/chips/tda5250, tinyos-2.x/tos/chips/tda5250/mac, +tinyos-2.x/tos/platforms/eyesIFX/chips/tda5250, and +tinyos-2.x/tos/platforms/eyesIFX/chips/msp430.
+The Msp430 Usart0 bus can operate in three modes: SPI, I2C, +and UART. Using all three concurrently is problematic: only one should +be enabled at any given time. However, different clients of the bus might +require the bus to be configured for different protocols. On Telos, for example +many of the available sensors use an I2C bus, while the radio and flash chip use +SPI.
+A component providing the SPI service on top of the shared Usart component looks +like this:
++generic configuration Msp430Spi0C() { + provides interface Resource; + provides interface SpiByte; + provides interface SpiPacket; + ... +} +implementation { + enum { CLIENT_ID = unique( MSP430_SPIO_BUS ) }; + + components Msp430SpiNoDma0P as SpiP; + components new Msp430Usart0C() as UsartC; + SpiP.ResourceConfigure[ CLIENT_ID ] <- UsartC.ResourceConfigure; + SpiP.UsartResource[ CLIENT_ID ] -> UsartC.Resource; + SpiP.UsartInterrupts -> UsartC.HplMsp430UsartInterrupts; + ... +} ++
And one providing the I2C service looks like this:
++generic configuration Msp430I2CC() { + provides interface Resource; + provides interface I2CPacket<TI2CBasicAddr> as I2CBasicAddr; + ... +} +implementation { + enum { CLIENT_ID = unique( MSP430_I2CO_BUS ) }; + + components Msp430I2C0P as I2CP; + components new Msp430Usart0C() as UsartC; + I2CP.ResourceConfigure[ CLIENT_ID ] <- UsartC.ResourceConfigure; + I2CP.UsartResource[ CLIENT_ID ] -> UsartC.Resource; + I2CP.I2CInterrupts -> UsartC.HplMsp430UsartInterrupts; + ... +} ++
The implementation of the ResourceConfigure interface is +provided by both the Msp430SpiNoDma0P and the Msp430I2C0P. In the +two different components, the same Msp430Usart0C component is used, +but wired to the proper implementation of the ResourceConfigure +interface. In this way, different instances of the Msp430Usart0C +can each have different configurations associated with them, but +still provide the same functionality.
+Take a look in the tinyos-2.x source tree under +tinyos-2.x/tos/chips/msp430/usart to see the full implementation of +these components along with the corresponding Uart implementation.
+