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+<sect1 id="manual.localization.locales.locale" xreflabel="locale">
+
+<sect1info>
+ <keywordset>
+ <keyword>
+ ISO C++
+ </keyword>
+ <keyword>
+ locale
+ </keyword>
+ </keywordset>
+</sect1info>
+
+<title>locale</title>
+
+<para>
+Describes the basic locale object, including nested
+classes id, facet, and the reference-counted implementation object,
+class _Impl.
+</para>
+
+<sect2 id="locales.locale.req" xreflabel="locales.locale.req">
+<title>Requirements</title>
+
+<para>
+Class locale is non-templatized and has two distinct types nested
+inside of it:
+</para>
+
+<blockquote>
+<para>
+<emphasis>
+class facet
+22.1.1.1.2 Class locale::facet
+</emphasis>
+</para>
+</blockquote>
+
+<para>
+Facets actually implement locale functionality. For instance, a facet
+called numpunct is the data objects that can be used to query for the
+thousands separator is in the German locale.
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Literally, a facet is strictly defined:
+</para>
+
+<itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Containing the following public data member:
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ <code>static locale::id id;</code>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Derived from another facet:
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ <code>class gnu_codecvt: public std::ctype<user-defined-type></code>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+</itemizedlist>
+
+<para>
+Of interest in this class are the memory management options explicitly
+specified as an argument to facet's constructor. Each constructor of a
+facet class takes a std::size_t __refs argument: if __refs == 0, the
+facet is deleted when the locale containing it is destroyed. If __refs
+== 1, the facet is not destroyed, even when it is no longer
+referenced.
+</para>
+
+<blockquote>
+<para>
+<emphasis>
+class id
+22.1.1.1.3 - Class locale::id
+</emphasis>
+</para>
+</blockquote>
+
+<para>
+Provides an index for looking up specific facets.
+</para>
+</sect2>
+
+<sect2 id="locales.locale.design" xreflabel="locales.locale.design">
+<title>Design</title>
+
+<para>
+The major design challenge is fitting an object-orientated and
+non-global locale design on top of POSIX and other relevant standards,
+which include the Single Unix (nee X/Open.)
+</para>
+
+<para>
+Because C and earlier versions of POSIX fall down so completely,
+portability is an issue.
+</para>
+
+</sect2>
+
+<sect2 id="locales.locale.impl" xreflabel="locales.locale.impl">
+<title>Implementation</title>
+
+ <sect3 id="locale.impl.c" xreflabel="locale.impl.c">
+ <title>Interacting with "C" locales</title>
+
+<itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <code>`locale -a`</code> displays available locales.
+ </para>
+<blockquote>
+<programlisting>
+af_ZA
+ar_AE
+ar_AE.utf8
+ar_BH
+ar_BH.utf8
+ar_DZ
+ar_DZ.utf8
+ar_EG
+ar_EG.utf8
+ar_IN
+ar_IQ
+ar_IQ.utf8
+ar_JO
+ar_JO.utf8
+ar_KW
+ar_KW.utf8
+ar_LB
+ar_LB.utf8
+ar_LY
+ar_LY.utf8
+ar_MA
+ar_MA.utf8
+ar_OM
+ar_OM.utf8
+ar_QA
+ar_QA.utf8
+ar_SA
+ar_SA.utf8
+ar_SD
+ar_SD.utf8
+ar_SY
+ar_SY.utf8
+ar_TN
+ar_TN.utf8
+ar_YE
+ar_YE.utf8
+be_BY
+be_BY.utf8
+bg_BG
+bg_BG.utf8
+br_FR
+bs_BA
+C
+ca_ES
+ca_ES@euro
+ca_ES.utf8
+ca_ES.utf8@euro
+cs_CZ
+cs_CZ.utf8
+cy_GB
+da_DK
+da_DK.iso885915
+da_DK.utf8
+de_AT
+de_AT@euro
+de_AT.utf8
+de_AT.utf8@euro
+de_BE
+de_BE@euro
+de_BE.utf8
+de_BE.utf8@euro
+de_CH
+de_CH.utf8
+de_DE
+de_DE@euro
+de_DE.utf8
+de_DE.utf8@euro
+de_LU
+de_LU@euro
+de_LU.utf8
+de_LU.utf8@euro
+el_GR
+el_GR.utf8
+en_AU
+en_AU.utf8
+en_BW
+en_BW.utf8
+en_CA
+en_CA.utf8
+en_DK
+en_DK.utf8
+en_GB
+en_GB.iso885915
+en_GB.utf8
+en_HK
+en_HK.utf8
+en_IE
+en_IE@euro
+en_IE.utf8
+en_IE.utf8@euro
+en_IN
+en_NZ
+en_NZ.utf8
+en_PH
+en_PH.utf8
+en_SG
+en_SG.utf8
+en_US
+en_US.iso885915
+en_US.utf8
+en_ZA
+en_ZA.utf8
+en_ZW
+en_ZW.utf8
+es_AR
+es_AR.utf8
+es_BO
+es_BO.utf8
+es_CL
+es_CL.utf8
+es_CO
+es_CO.utf8
+es_CR
+es_CR.utf8
+es_DO
+es_DO.utf8
+es_EC
+es_EC.utf8
+es_ES
+es_ES@euro
+es_ES.utf8
+es_ES.utf8@euro
+es_GT
+es_GT.utf8
+es_HN
+es_HN.utf8
+es_MX
+es_MX.utf8
+es_NI
+es_NI.utf8
+es_PA
+es_PA.utf8
+es_PE
+es_PE.utf8
+es_PR
+es_PR.utf8
+es_PY
+es_PY.utf8
+es_SV
+es_SV.utf8
+es_US
+es_US.utf8
+es_UY
+es_UY.utf8
+es_VE
+es_VE.utf8
+et_EE
+et_EE.utf8
+eu_ES
+eu_ES@euro
+eu_ES.utf8
+eu_ES.utf8@euro
+fa_IR
+fi_FI
+fi_FI@euro
+fi_FI.utf8
+fi_FI.utf8@euro
+fo_FO
+fo_FO.utf8
+fr_BE
+fr_BE@euro
+fr_BE.utf8
+fr_BE.utf8@euro
+fr_CA
+fr_CA.utf8
+fr_CH
+fr_CH.utf8
+fr_FR
+fr_FR@euro
+fr_FR.utf8
+fr_FR.utf8@euro
+fr_LU
+fr_LU@euro
+fr_LU.utf8
+fr_LU.utf8@euro
+ga_IE
+ga_IE@euro
+ga_IE.utf8
+ga_IE.utf8@euro
+gl_ES
+gl_ES@euro
+gl_ES.utf8
+gl_ES.utf8@euro
+gv_GB
+gv_GB.utf8
+he_IL
+he_IL.utf8
+hi_IN
+hr_HR
+hr_HR.utf8
+hu_HU
+hu_HU.utf8
+id_ID
+id_ID.utf8
+is_IS
+is_IS.utf8
+it_CH
+it_CH.utf8
+it_IT
+it_IT@euro
+it_IT.utf8
+it_IT.utf8@euro
+iw_IL
+iw_IL.utf8
+ja_JP.eucjp
+ja_JP.utf8
+ka_GE
+kl_GL
+kl_GL.utf8
+ko_KR.euckr
+ko_KR.utf8
+kw_GB
+kw_GB.utf8
+lt_LT
+lt_LT.utf8
+lv_LV
+lv_LV.utf8
+mi_NZ
+mk_MK
+mk_MK.utf8
+mr_IN
+ms_MY
+ms_MY.utf8
+mt_MT
+mt_MT.utf8
+nl_BE
+nl_BE@euro
+nl_BE.utf8
+nl_BE.utf8@euro
+nl_NL
+nl_NL@euro
+nl_NL.utf8
+nl_NL.utf8@euro
+nn_NO
+nn_NO.utf8
+no_NO
+no_NO.utf8
+oc_FR
+pl_PL
+pl_PL.utf8
+POSIX
+pt_BR
+pt_BR.utf8
+pt_PT
+pt_PT@euro
+pt_PT.utf8
+pt_PT.utf8@euro
+ro_RO
+ro_RO.utf8
+ru_RU
+ru_RU.koi8r
+ru_RU.utf8
+ru_UA
+ru_UA.utf8
+se_NO
+sk_SK
+sk_SK.utf8
+sl_SI
+sl_SI.utf8
+sq_AL
+sq_AL.utf8
+sr_YU
+sr_YU@cyrillic
+sr_YU.utf8
+sr_YU.utf8@cyrillic
+sv_FI
+sv_FI@euro
+sv_FI.utf8
+sv_FI.utf8@euro
+sv_SE
+sv_SE.iso885915
+sv_SE.utf8
+ta_IN
+te_IN
+tg_TJ
+th_TH
+th_TH.utf8
+tl_PH
+tr_TR
+tr_TR.utf8
+uk_UA
+uk_UA.utf8
+ur_PK
+uz_UZ
+vi_VN
+vi_VN.tcvn
+wa_BE
+wa_BE@euro
+yi_US
+zh_CN
+zh_CN.gb18030
+zh_CN.gbk
+zh_CN.utf8
+zh_HK
+zh_HK.utf8
+zh_TW
+zh_TW.euctw
+zh_TW.utf8
+</programlisting>
+</blockquote>
+</listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <code>`locale`</code> displays environmental variables that
+ impact how locale("") will be deduced.
+ </para>
+<blockquote>
+<programlisting>
+LANG=en_US
+LC_CTYPE="en_US"
+LC_NUMERIC="en_US"
+LC_TIME="en_US"
+LC_COLLATE="en_US"
+LC_MONETARY="en_US"
+LC_MESSAGES="en_US"
+LC_PAPER="en_US"
+LC_NAME="en_US"
+LC_ADDRESS="en_US"
+LC_TELEPHONE="en_US"
+LC_MEASUREMENT="en_US"
+LC_IDENTIFICATION="en_US"
+LC_ALL=
+</programlisting>
+</blockquote>
+</listitem>
+</itemizedlist>
+
+<para>
+From Josuttis, p. 697-698, which says, that "there is only *one*
+relation (of the C++ locale mechanism) to the C locale mechanism: the
+global C locale is modified if a named C++ locale object is set as the
+global locale" (emphasis Paolo), that is:
+</para>
+
+<programlisting>std::locale::global(std::locale(""));</programlisting>
+
+<para>affects the C functions as if the following call was made:</para>
+
+<programlisting>std::setlocale(LC_ALL, "");</programlisting>
+
+<para>
+ On the other hand, there is *no* vice versa, that is, calling
+ setlocale has *no* whatsoever on the C++ locale mechanism, in
+ particular on the working of locale(""), which constructs the locale
+ object from the environment of the running program, that is, in
+ practice, the set of LC_ALL, LANG, etc. variable of the shell.
+</para>
+
+ </sect3>
+</sect2>
+
+<sect2 id="locales.locale.future" xreflabel="locales.locale.future">
+<title>Future</title>
+
+<itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Locale initialization: at what point does _S_classic, _S_global
+ get initialized? Can named locales assume this initialization
+ has already taken place?
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Document how named locales error check when filling data
+ members. I.e., a fr_FR locale that doesn't have
+ numpunct::truename(): does it use "true"? Or is it a blank
+ string? What's the convention?
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Explain how locale aliasing happens. When does "de_DE" use "de"
+ information? What is the rule for locales composed of just an
+ ISO language code (say, "de") and locales with both an ISO
+ language code and ISO country code (say, "de_DE").
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ What should non-required facet instantiations do? If the
+ generic implementation is provided, then how to end-users
+ provide specializations?
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+</itemizedlist>
+</sect2>
+
+<bibliography id="locales.locale.biblio" xreflabel="locales.locale.biblio">
+<title>Bibliography</title>
+
+ <biblioentry>
+ <title>
+ The GNU C Library
+ </title>
+
+ <author>
+ <surname>McGrath</surname>
+ <firstname>Roland</firstname>
+ </author>
+ <author>
+ <surname>Drepper</surname>
+ <firstname>Ulrich</firstname>
+ </author>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2007</year>
+ <holder>FSF</holder>
+ </copyright>
+ <pagenums>Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization</pagenums>
+
+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <biblioentry>
+ <title>
+ Correspondence
+ </title>
+
+ <author>
+ <surname>Drepper</surname>
+ <firstname>Ulrich</firstname>
+ </author>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2002</year>
+ <holder></holder>
+ </copyright>
+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <biblioentry>
+ <title>
+ ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
+ </title>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>1998</year>
+ <holder>ISO</holder>
+ </copyright>
+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <biblioentry>
+ <title>
+ ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
+ </title>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>1999</year>
+ <holder>ISO</holder>
+ </copyright>
+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <biblioentry>
+ <title>
+ System Interface Definitions, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-200x)
+ </title>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>1999</year>
+ <holder>
+ The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <biblioid>
+ <ulink url="http://www.opennc.org/austin/docreg.html">
+ </ulink>
+ </biblioid>
+
+ </biblioentry>
+
+ <biblioentry>
+ <title>
+ The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
+ </title>
+
+ <author>
+ <surname>Stroustrup</surname>
+ <firstname>Bjarne</firstname>
+ </author>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2000</year>
+ <holder>Addison Wesley, Inc.</holder>
+ </copyright>
+ <pagenums>Appendix D</pagenums>
+
+ <publisher>
+ <publishername>
+ Addison Wesley
+ </publishername>
+ </publisher>
+
+ </biblioentry>
+
+
+ <biblioentry>
+ <title>
+ Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
+ </title>
+ <subtitle>
+ Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
+ </subtitle>
+
+ <author>
+ <surname>Langer</surname>
+ <firstname>Angelika</firstname>
+ </author>
+
+ <author>
+ <surname>Kreft</surname>
+ <firstname>Klaus</firstname>
+ </author>
+
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2000</year>
+ <holder>Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.</holder>
+ </copyright>
+
+ <publisher>
+ <publishername>
+ Addison Wesley Longman
+ </publishername>
+ </publisher>
+
+ </biblioentry>
+
+</bibliography>
+
+</sect1>
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