X-Git-Url: https://oss.titaniummirror.com/gitweb?a=blobdiff_plain;f=gcc%2Fdoc%2Fgcc.info-20;fp=gcc%2Fdoc%2Fgcc.info-20;h=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000;hb=6fed43773c9b0ce596dca5686f37ac3fc0fa11c0;hp=cbf93482b69fb2a99ff77be1f94915902966c607;hpb=27b11d56b743098deb193d510b337ba22dc52e5c;p=msp430-gcc.git diff --git a/gcc/doc/gcc.info-20 b/gcc/doc/gcc.info-20 deleted file mode 100644 index cbf93482..00000000 --- a/gcc/doc/gcc.info-20 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1063 +0,0 @@ -This is doc/gcc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.5 from -doc/gcc.texi. - -INFO-DIR-SECTION Programming -START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY -* gcc: (gcc). The GNU Compiler Collection. -END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY - This file documents the use of the GNU compilers. - - Published by the Free Software Foundation -59 Temple Place - Suite 330 -Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA - - Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, -1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document -under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or -any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the -Invariant Sections being "GNU General Public License" and "Funding Free -Software", the Front-Cover texts being (a) (see below), and with the -Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A copy of the license is -included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". - - (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is: - - A GNU Manual - - (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: - - You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU -software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise -funds for GNU development. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Bug Reporting, Next: gccbug, Prev: Bug Lists, Up: Bugs - -How to Report Bugs -================== - - The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this: -*report all the facts*. If you are not sure whether to state a fact or -leave it out, state it! - - Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the -problem and they conclude that some details don't matter. Thus, you -might assume that the name of the variable you use in an example does -not matter. Well, probably it doesn't, but one cannot be sure. -Perhaps the bug is a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from -the location where that name is stored in memory; perhaps, if the name -were different, the contents of that location would fool the compiler -into doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe and give a -specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to do, -and the most helpful. - - Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable someone to -fix the bug if it is not known. It isn't very important what happens if -the bug is already known. Therefore, always write your bug reports on -the assumption that the bug is not known. - - Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, "Does this ring a -bell?" This cannot help us fix a bug, so it is basically useless. We -respond by asking for enough details to enable us to investigate. You -might as well expedite matters by sending them to begin with. - - Try to make your bug report self-contained. If we have to ask you -for more information, it is best if you include all the previous -information in your response, as well as the information that was -missing. - - Please report each bug in a separate message. This makes it easier -for us to track which bugs have been fixed and to forward your bugs -reports to the appropriate maintainer. - - To enable someone to investigate the bug, you should include all -these things: - - * The version of GCC. You can get this by running it with the `-v' - option. - - Without this, we won't know whether there is any point in looking - for the bug in the current version of GCC. - - * A complete input file that will reproduce the bug. If the bug is - in the C preprocessor, send a source file and any header files - that it requires. If the bug is in the compiler proper (`cc1'), - send the preprocessor output generated by adding `-save-temps' to - the compilation command (*note Debugging Options::). When you do - this, use the same `-I', `-D' or `-U' options that you used in - actual compilation. Then send the INPUT.i or INPUT.ii files - generated. - - A single statement is not enough of an example. In order to - compile it, it must be embedded in a complete file of compiler - input; and the bug might depend on the details of how this is done. - - Without a real example one can compile, all anyone can do about - your bug report is wish you luck. It would be futile to try to - guess how to provoke the bug. For example, bugs in register - allocation and reloading frequently depend on every little detail - of the function they happen in. - - Even if the input file that fails comes from a GNU program, you - should still send the complete test case. Don't ask the GCC - maintainers to do the extra work of obtaining the program in - question--they are all overworked as it is. Also, the problem may - depend on what is in the header files on your system; it is - unreliable for the GCC maintainers to try the problem with the - header files available to them. By sending CPP output, you can - eliminate this source of uncertainty and save us a certain - percentage of wild goose chases. - - * The command arguments you gave GCC to compile that example and - observe the bug. For example, did you use `-O'? To guarantee you - won't omit something important, list all the options. - - If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess - wrong and then we would not encounter the bug. - - * The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name - and version number. - - * The operands you gave to the `configure' command when you installed - the compiler. - - * A complete list of any modifications you have made to the compiler - source. (We don't promise to investigate the bug unless it - happens in an unmodified compiler. But if you've made - modifications and don't tell us, then you are sending us on a wild - goose chase.) - - Be precise about these changes. A description in English is not - enough--send a context diff for them. - - Adding files of your own (such as a machine description for a - machine we don't support) is a modification of the compiler source. - - * Details of any other deviations from the standard procedure for - installing GCC. - - * A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is - incorrect. For example, "The compiler gets a fatal signal," or, - "The assembler instruction at line 208 in the output is incorrect." - - Of course, if the bug is that the compiler gets a fatal signal, - then one can't miss it. But if the bug is incorrect output, the - maintainer might not notice unless it is glaringly wrong. None of - us has time to study all the assembler code from a 50-line C - program just on the chance that one instruction might be wrong. - We need _you_ to do this part! - - Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should - still say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, - such as, your copy of the compiler is out of synch, or you have - encountered a bug in the C library on your system. (This has - happened!) Your copy might crash and the copy here would not. If - you said to expect a crash, then when the compiler here fails to - crash, we would know that the bug was not happening. If you don't - say to expect a crash, then we would not know whether the bug was - happening. We would not be able to draw any conclusion from our - observations. - - If the problem is a diagnostic when compiling GCC with some other - compiler, say whether it is a warning or an error. - - Often the observed symptom is incorrect output when your program - is run. Sad to say, this is not enough information unless the - program is short and simple. None of us has time to study a large - program to figure out how it would work if compiled correctly, - much less which line of it was compiled wrong. So you will have - to do that. Tell us which source line it is, and what incorrect - result happens when that line is executed. A person who - understands the program can find this as easily as finding a bug - in the program itself. - - * If you send examples of assembler code output from GCC, please use - `-g' when you make them. The debugging information includes - source line numbers which are essential for correlating the output - with the input. - - * If you wish to mention something in the GCC source, refer to it by - context, not by line number. - - The line numbers in the development sources don't match those in - your sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful - information to the maintainers. - - * Additional information from a debugger might enable someone to - find a problem on a machine which he does not have available. - However, you need to think when you collect this information if - you want it to have any chance of being useful. - - For example, many people send just a backtrace, but that is never - useful by itself. A simple backtrace with arguments conveys little - about GCC because the compiler is largely data-driven; the same - functions are called over and over for different RTL insns, doing - different things depending on the details of the insn. - - Most of the arguments listed in the backtrace are useless because - they are pointers to RTL list structure. The numeric values of the - pointers, which the debugger prints in the backtrace, have no - significance whatever; all that matters is the contents of the - objects they point to (and most of the contents are other such - pointers). - - In addition, most compiler passes consist of one or more loops that - scan the RTL insn sequence. The most vital piece of information - about such a loop--which insn it has reached--is usually in a - local variable, not in an argument. - - What you need to provide in addition to a backtrace are the values - of the local variables for several stack frames up. When a local - variable or an argument is an RTX, first print its value and then - use the GDB command `pr' to print the RTL expression that it points - to. (If GDB doesn't run on your machine, use your debugger to call - the function `debug_rtx' with the RTX as an argument.) In - general, whenever a variable is a pointer, its value is no use - without the data it points to. - - Here are some things that are not necessary: - - * A description of the envelope of the bug. - - Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating - which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which - changes will not affect it. - - This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way - we will find the bug is by running a single example under the - debugger with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of - examples. You might as well save your time for something else. - - Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report _instead_ of - the original one, that is a convenience. Errors in the output - will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take less - time, etc. Most GCC bugs involve just one function, so the most - straightforward way to simplify an example is to delete all the - function definitions except the one where the bug occurs. Those - earlier in the file may be replaced by external declarations if - the crucial function depends on them. (Exception: inline - functions may affect compilation of functions defined later in the - file.) - - However, simplification is not vital; if you don't want to do this, - report the bug anyway and send the entire test case you used. - - * In particular, some people insert conditionals `#ifdef BUG' around - a statement which, if removed, makes the bug not happen. These - are just clutter; we won't pay any attention to them anyway. - Besides, you should send us cpp output, and that can't have - conditionals. - - * A patch for the bug. - - A patch for the bug is useful if it is a good one. But don't omit - the necessary information, such as the test case, on the - assumption that a patch is all we need. We might see problems - with your patch and decide to fix the problem another way, or we - might not understand it at all. - - Sometimes with a program as complicated as GCC it is very hard to - construct an example that will make the program follow a certain - path through the code. If you don't send the example, we won't be - able to construct one, so we won't be able to verify that the bug - is fixed. - - And if we can't understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why - your patch should be an improvement, we won't install it. A test - case will help us to understand. - - See `http://gcc.gnu.org/contribute.html' for guidelines on how to - make it easy for us to understand and install your patches. - - * A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on. - - Such guesses are usually wrong. Even I can't guess right about - such things without first using the debugger to find the facts. - - * A core dump file. - - We have no way of examining a core dump for your type of machine - unless we have an identical system--and if we do have one, we - should be able to reproduce the crash ourselves. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: gccbug, Prev: Bug Reporting, Up: Bugs - -The gccbug script -================= - - To simplify creation of bug reports, and to allow better tracking of -reports, we use the GNATS bug tracking system. Part of that system is -the `gccbug' script. This is a Unix shell script, so you need a shell -to run it. It is normally installed in the same directory where `gcc' -is installed. - - The gccbug script is derived from send-pr, *note Creating new -Problem Reports: (send-pr)using send-pr.. When invoked, it starts a -text editor so you can fill out the various fields of the report. When -the you quit the editor, the report is automatically send to the bug -reporting address. - - A number of fields in this bug report form are specific to GCC, and -are explained at `http://gcc.gnu.org/gnats.html'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Service, Next: Contributing, Prev: Bugs, Up: Top - -How To Get Help with GCC -************************ - - If you need help installing, using or changing GCC, there are two -ways to find it: - - * Send a message to a suitable network mailing list. First try - (for help installing or using GCC), and if - that brings no response, try . For help changing - GCC, ask . If you think you have found a bug in - GCC, please report it following the instructions at *note Bug - Reporting::. - - * Look in the service directory for someone who might help you for a - fee. The service directory is found at - `http://www.gnu.org/prep/service.html'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Contributing, Next: VMS, Prev: Service, Up: Top - -Contributing to GCC Development -******************************* - - If you would like to help pretest GCC releases to assure they work -well, our current development sources are available by CVS (see -`http://gcc.gnu.org/cvs.html'). Source and binary snapshots are also -available for FTP; see `http://gcc.gnu.org/snapshots.html'. - - If you would like to work on improvements to GCC, please read the -advice at these URLs: - - `http://gcc.gnu.org/contribute.html' - `http://gcc.gnu.org/contributewhy.html' - -for information on how to make useful contributions and avoid -duplication of effort. Suggested projects are listed at -`http://gcc.gnu.org/projects/'. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: VMS, Next: Funding, Prev: Contributing, Up: Top - -Using GCC on VMS -**************** - - Here is how to use GCC on VMS. - -* Menu: - -* Include Files and VMS:: Where the preprocessor looks for the include files. -* Global Declarations:: How to do globaldef, globalref and globalvalue with - GCC. -* VMS Misc:: Misc information. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Include Files and VMS, Next: Global Declarations, Up: VMS - -Include Files and VMS -===================== - - Due to the differences between the filesystems of Unix and VMS, GCC -attempts to translate file names in `#include' into names that VMS will -understand. The basic strategy is to prepend a prefix to the -specification of the include file, convert the whole filename to a VMS -filename, and then try to open the file. GCC tries various prefixes -one by one until one of them succeeds: - - 1. The first prefix is the `GNU_CC_INCLUDE:' logical name: this is - where GNU C header files are traditionally stored. If you wish to - store header files in non-standard locations, then you can assign - the logical `GNU_CC_INCLUDE' to be a search list, where each - element of the list is suitable for use with a rooted logical. - - 2. The next prefix tried is `SYS$SYSROOT:[SYSLIB.]'. This is where - VAX-C header files are traditionally stored. - - 3. If the include file specification by itself is a valid VMS - filename, the preprocessor then uses this name with no prefix in - an attempt to open the include file. - - 4. If the file specification is not a valid VMS filename (i.e. does - not contain a device or a directory specifier, and contains a `/' - character), the preprocessor tries to convert it from Unix syntax - to VMS syntax. - - Conversion works like this: the first directory name becomes a - device, and the rest of the directories are converted into - VMS-format directory names. For example, the name `X11/foobar.h' - is translated to `X11:[000000]foobar.h' or `X11:foobar.h', - whichever one can be opened. This strategy allows you to assign a - logical name to point to the actual location of the header files. - - 5. If none of these strategies succeeds, the `#include' fails. - - Include directives of the form: - - #include foobar - -are a common source of incompatibility between VAX-C and GCC. VAX-C -treats this much like a standard `#include ' directive. That -is incompatible with the ISO C behavior implemented by GCC: to expand -the name `foobar' as a macro. Macro expansion should eventually yield -one of the two standard formats for `#include': - - #include "FILE" - #include - - If you have this problem, the best solution is to modify the source -to convert the `#include' directives to one of the two standard forms. -That will work with either compiler. If you want a quick and dirty fix, -define the file names as macros with the proper expansion, like this: - - #define stdio - -This will work, as long as the name doesn't conflict with anything else -in the program. - - Another source of incompatibility is that VAX-C assumes that: - - #include "foobar" - -is actually asking for the file `foobar.h'. GCC does not make this -assumption, and instead takes what you ask for literally; it tries to -read the file `foobar'. The best way to avoid this problem is to -always specify the desired file extension in your include directives. - - GCC for VMS is distributed with a set of include files that is -sufficient to compile most general purpose programs. Even though the -GCC distribution does not contain header files to define constants and -structures for some VMS system-specific functions, there is no reason -why you cannot use GCC with any of these functions. You first may have -to generate or create header files, either by using the public domain -utility `UNSDL' (which can be found on a DECUS tape), or by extracting -the relevant modules from one of the system macro libraries, and using -an editor to construct a C header file. - - A `#include' file name cannot contain a DECNET node name. The -preprocessor reports an I/O error if you attempt to use a node name, -whether explicitly, or implicitly via a logical name. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Global Declarations, Next: VMS Misc, Prev: Include Files and VMS, Up: VMS - -Global Declarations and VMS -=========================== - - GCC does not provide the `globalref', `globaldef' and `globalvalue' -keywords of VAX-C. You can get the same effect with an obscure feature -of GAS, the GNU assembler. (This requires GAS version 1.39 or later.) -The following macros allow you to use this feature in a fairly natural -way: - - #ifdef __GNUC__ - #define GLOBALREF(TYPE,NAME) \ - TYPE NAME \ - asm ("_$$PsectAttributes_GLOBALSYMBOL$$" #NAME) - #define GLOBALDEF(TYPE,NAME,VALUE) \ - TYPE NAME \ - asm ("_$$PsectAttributes_GLOBALSYMBOL$$" #NAME) \ - = VALUE - #define GLOBALVALUEREF(TYPE,NAME) \ - const TYPE NAME[1] \ - asm ("_$$PsectAttributes_GLOBALVALUE$$" #NAME) - #define GLOBALVALUEDEF(TYPE,NAME,VALUE) \ - const TYPE NAME[1] \ - asm ("_$$PsectAttributes_GLOBALVALUE$$" #NAME) \ - = {VALUE} - #else - #define GLOBALREF(TYPE,NAME) \ - globalref TYPE NAME - #define GLOBALDEF(TYPE,NAME,VALUE) \ - globaldef TYPE NAME = VALUE - #define GLOBALVALUEDEF(TYPE,NAME,VALUE) \ - globalvalue TYPE NAME = VALUE - #define GLOBALVALUEREF(TYPE,NAME) \ - globalvalue TYPE NAME - #endif - -(The `_$$PsectAttributes_GLOBALSYMBOL' prefix at the start of the name -is removed by the assembler, after it has modified the attributes of -the symbol). These macros are provided in the VMS binaries -distribution in a header file `GNU_HACKS.H'. An example of the usage -is: - - GLOBALREF (int, ijk); - GLOBALDEF (int, jkl, 0); - - The macros `GLOBALREF' and `GLOBALDEF' cannot be used -straightforwardly for arrays, since there is no way to insert the array -dimension into the declaration at the right place. However, you can -declare an array with these macros if you first define a typedef for the -array type, like this: - - typedef int intvector[10]; - GLOBALREF (intvector, foo); - - Array and structure initializers will also break the macros; you can -define the initializer to be a macro of its own, or you can expand the -`GLOBALDEF' macro by hand. You may find a case where you wish to use -the `GLOBALDEF' macro with a large array, but you are not interested in -explicitly initializing each element of the array. In such cases you -can use an initializer like: `{0,}', which will initialize the entire -array to `0'. - - A shortcoming of this implementation is that a variable declared with -`GLOBALVALUEREF' or `GLOBALVALUEDEF' is always an array. For example, -the declaration: - - GLOBALVALUEREF(int, ijk); - -declares the variable `ijk' as an array of type `int [1]'. This is -done because a globalvalue is actually a constant; its "value" is what -the linker would normally consider an address. That is not how an -integer value works in C, but it is how an array works. So treating -the symbol as an array name gives consistent results--with the -exception that the value seems to have the wrong type. *Don't try to -access an element of the array.* It doesn't have any elements. The -array "address" may not be the address of actual storage. - - The fact that the symbol is an array may lead to warnings where the -variable is used. Insert type casts to avoid the warnings. Here is an -example; it takes advantage of the ISO C feature allowing macros that -expand to use the same name as the macro itself. - - GLOBALVALUEREF (int, ss$_normal); - GLOBALVALUEDEF (int, xyzzy,123); - #ifdef __GNUC__ - #define ss$_normal ((int) ss$_normal) - #define xyzzy ((int) xyzzy) - #endif - - Don't use `globaldef' or `globalref' with a variable whose type is -an enumeration type; this is not implemented. Instead, make the -variable an integer, and use a `globalvaluedef' for each of the -enumeration values. An example of this would be: - - #ifdef __GNUC__ - GLOBALDEF (int, color, 0); - GLOBALVALUEDEF (int, RED, 0); - GLOBALVALUEDEF (int, BLUE, 1); - GLOBALVALUEDEF (int, GREEN, 3); - #else - enum globaldef color {RED, BLUE, GREEN = 3}; - #endif - - -File: gcc.info, Node: VMS Misc, Prev: Global Declarations, Up: VMS - -Other VMS Issues -================ - - GCC automatically arranges for `main' to return 1 by default if you -fail to specify an explicit return value. This will be interpreted by -VMS as a status code indicating a normal successful completion. -Version 1 of GCC did not provide this default. - - GCC on VMS works only with the GNU assembler, GAS. You need version -1.37 or later of GAS in order to produce value debugging information for -the VMS debugger. Use the ordinary VMS linker with the object files -produced by GAS. - - Under previous versions of GCC, the generated code would occasionally -give strange results when linked to the sharable `VAXCRTL' library. -Now this should work. - - A caveat for use of `const' global variables: the `const' modifier -must be specified in every external declaration of the variable in all -of the source files that use that variable. Otherwise the linker will -issue warnings about conflicting attributes for the variable. Your -program will still work despite the warnings, but the variable will be -placed in writable storage. - - Although the VMS linker does distinguish between upper and lower case -letters in global symbols, most VMS compilers convert all such symbols -into upper case and most run-time library routines also have upper case -names. To be able to reliably call such routines, GCC (by means of the -assembler GAS) converts global symbols into upper case like other VMS -compilers. However, since the usual practice in C is to distinguish -case, GCC (via GAS) tries to preserve usual C behavior by augmenting -each name that is not all lower case. This means truncating the name -to at most 23 characters and then adding more characters at the end -which encode the case pattern of those 23. Names which contain at -least one dollar sign are an exception; they are converted directly into -upper case without augmentation. - - Name augmentation yields bad results for programs that use -precompiled libraries (such as Xlib) which were generated by another -compiler. You can use the compiler option `/NOCASE_HACK' to inhibit -augmentation; it makes external C functions and variables -case-independent as is usual on VMS. Alternatively, you could write -all references to the functions and variables in such libraries using -lower case; this will work on VMS, but is not portable to other -systems. The compiler option `/NAMES' also provides control over -global name handling. - - Function and variable names are handled somewhat differently with -G++. The GNU C++ compiler performs "name mangling" on function names, -which means that it adds information to the function name to describe -the data types of the arguments that the function takes. One result of -this is that the name of a function can become very long. Since the -VMS linker only recognizes the first 31 characters in a name, special -action is taken to ensure that each function and variable has a unique -name that can be represented in 31 characters. - - If the name (plus a name augmentation, if required) is less than 32 -characters in length, then no special action is performed. If the name -is longer than 31 characters, the assembler (GAS) will generate a hash -string based upon the function name, truncate the function name to 23 -characters, and append the hash string to the truncated name. If the -`/VERBOSE' compiler option is used, the assembler will print both the -full and truncated names of each symbol that is truncated. - - The `/NOCASE_HACK' compiler option should not be used when you are -compiling programs that use libg++. libg++ has several instances of -objects (i.e. `Filebuf' and `filebuf') which become indistinguishable -in a case-insensitive environment. This leads to cases where you need -to inhibit augmentation selectively (if you were using libg++ and Xlib -in the same program, for example). There is no special feature for -doing this, but you can get the result by defining a macro for each -mixed case symbol for which you wish to inhibit augmentation. The -macro should expand into the lower case equivalent of itself. For -example: - - #define StuDlyCapS studlycaps - - These macro definitions can be placed in a header file to minimize -the number of changes to your source code. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Funding, Next: GNU Project, Prev: VMS, Up: Top - -Funding Free Software -********************* - - If you want to have more free software a few years from now, it makes -sense for you to help encourage people to contribute funds for its -development. The most effective approach known is to encourage -commercial redistributors to donate. - - Users of free software systems can boost the pace of development by -encouraging for-a-fee distributors to donate part of their selling price -to free software developers--the Free Software Foundation, and others. - - The way to convince distributors to do this is to demand it and -expect it from them. So when you compare distributors, judge them -partly by how much they give to free software development. Show -distributors they must compete to be the one who gives the most. - - To make this approach work, you must insist on numbers that you can -compare, such as, "We will donate ten dollars to the Frobnitz project -for each disk sold." Don't be satisfied with a vague promise, such as -"A portion of the profits are donated," since it doesn't give a basis -for comparison. - - Even a precise fraction "of the profits from this disk" is not very -meaningful, since creative accounting and unrelated business decisions -can greatly alter what fraction of the sales price counts as profit. -If the price you pay is $50, ten percent of the profit is probably less -than a dollar; it might be a few cents, or nothing at all. - - Some redistributors do development work themselves. This is useful -too; but to keep everyone honest, you need to inquire how much they do, -and what kind. Some kinds of development make much more long-term -difference than others. For example, maintaining a separate version of -a program contributes very little; maintaining the standard version of a -program for the whole community contributes much. Easy new ports -contribute little, since someone else would surely do them; difficult -ports such as adding a new CPU to the GNU Compiler Collection -contribute more; major new features or packages contribute the most. - - By establishing the idea that supporting further development is "the -proper thing to do" when distributing free software for a fee, we can -assure a steady flow of resources into making more free software. - - Copyright (C) 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - Verbatim copying and redistribution of this section is permitted - without royalty; alteration is not permitted. - - -File: gcc.info, Node: GNU Project, Next: Copying, Prev: Funding, Up: Top - -The GNU Project and GNU/Linux -***************************** - - The GNU Project was launched in 1984 to develop a complete Unix-like -operating system which is free software: the GNU system. (GNU is a -recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix"; it is pronounced "guh-NEW".) -Variants of the GNU operating system, which use the kernel Linux, are -now widely used; though these systems are often referred to as "Linux", -they are more accurately called GNU/Linux systems. - - For more information, see: - `http://www.gnu.org/' - `http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html' - - -File: gcc.info, Node: Copying, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: GNU Project, Up: Top - -GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE -************************** - - Version 2, June 1991 - Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA - - Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies - of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. - -Preamble -======== - - The licenses for most software are designed to take away your -freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public -License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free -software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This -General Public License applies to most of the Free Software -Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to -using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by -the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to -your programs, too. - - When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not -price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you -have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for -this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it -if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in -new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. - - To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid -anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. -These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you -distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. - - For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether -gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that -you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the -source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their -rights. - - We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, -and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, -distribute and/or modify the software. - - Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain -that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free -software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we -want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so -that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original -authors' reputations. - - Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software -patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free -program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the -program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any -patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. - - The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and -modification follow. - - TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION - 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a - notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed - under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", - below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on - the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under - copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a - portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or - translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is - included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each - licensee is addressed as "you". - - Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are - not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act - of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the - Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on - the Program (independent of having been made by running the - Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. - - 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's - source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you - conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate - copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the - notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any - warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of - this License along with the Program. - - You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, - and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange - for a fee. - - 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion - of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and - distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 - above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: - - a. You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices - stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. - - b. You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that - in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program - or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge - to all third parties under the terms of this License. - - c. If the modified program normally reads commands interactively - when run, you must cause it, when started running for such - interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display - an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and - a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you - provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the - program under these conditions, and telling the user how to - view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program - itself is interactive but does not normally print such an - announcement, your work based on the Program is not required - to print an announcement.) - - These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If - identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the - Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate - works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not - apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate - works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a - whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of - the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions - for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each - and every part regardless of who wrote it. - - Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or - contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the - intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of - derivative or collective works based on the Program. - - In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the - Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on - a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the - other work under the scope of this License. - - 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, - under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms - of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the - following: - - a. Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable - source code, which must be distributed under the terms of - Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for - software interchange; or, - - b. Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three - years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your - cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete - machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be - distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a - medium customarily used for software interchange; or, - - c. Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer - to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is - allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you - received the program in object code or executable form with - such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) - - The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for - making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete - source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, - plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts - used to control compilation and installation of the executable. - However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need - not include anything that is normally distributed (in either - source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, - kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable - runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. - - If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering - access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent - access to copy the source code from the same place counts as - distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not - compelled to copy the source along with the object code. - - 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program - except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt - otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is - void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this - License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, - from you under this License will not have their licenses - terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. - - 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not - signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify - or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions - are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. - Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work - based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this - License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, - distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. - - 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the - Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the - original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program - subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any - further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights - granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance - by third parties to this License. - - 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent - infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent - issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, - agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this - License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this - License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously - your obligations under this License and any other pertinent - obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the - Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit - royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who - receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only - way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain - entirely from distribution of the Program. - - If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable - under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is - intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply - in other circumstances. - - It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any - patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of - any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting - the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is - implemented by public license practices. Many people have made - generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed - through that system in reliance on consistent application of that - system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is - willing to distribute software through any other system and a - licensee cannot impose that choice. - - This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed - to be a consequence of the rest of this License. - - 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in - certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, - the original copyright holder who places the Program under this - License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation - excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only - in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this - License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of - this License. - - 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new - versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such - new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but - may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. - - Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the - Program specifies a version number of this License which applies - to it and "any later version", you have the option of following - the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later - version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program - does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose - any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. - - 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free - programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the - author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted - by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software - Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision - will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of - all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing - and reuse of software generally. - - NO WARRANTY - - 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO - WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE - LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT - HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT - WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT - NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND - FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE - QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE - PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY - SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. - - 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN - WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY - MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE - LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, - INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR - INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF - DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU - OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY - OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN - ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. - - END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS - -How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs -============================================= - - If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest -possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it -free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these -terms. - - To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest -to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively -convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least -the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. - - ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES. - Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR - - This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify - it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by - the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or - (at your option) any later version. - - This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, - but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of - MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the - GNU General Public License for more details. - - You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License - along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software - Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, - Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. - - Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper -mail. - - If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like -this when it starts in an interactive mode: - - Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR - Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details - type `show w'. - This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it - under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. - - The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the -appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the -commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show -c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your -program. - - You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or -your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, -if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: - - Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program - `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. - - SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989 - Ty Coon, President of Vice - - This General Public License does not permit incorporating your -program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine -library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary -applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the -GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. -