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-<div class="title">Lesson 12: Network Protocols<br>
-</div>
-<div class="subtitle">Last updated Nov 3 2006</div>
-<p>This lesson introduces the two basic network primitives of Tinyos-2:
-Dissemination and Collection.<br>
-</p>
-<h1>Dissemination<br>
-</h1>
-<p>The goal of a dissemination protocol is to reliably deliver a piece of data to every
-node in the network. It allows administrators
-to reconfigure, query, and reprogram a network. Reliability is
-important because it makes the operation robust to temporary
-disconnections or high packet loss. Dissemination is fully
-explained in TEP 118.<br>
-</p>
-<p>In TinyOS 2.x, dissemination provides two interfaces: DisseminationValue and
-DisseminationUpdate. Let's take a look at these two interfaces:<br>
-</p>
-
-<p>tos/lib/net/DisseminationUpdate.nc:<br>
-</p>
-<pre>interface DisseminationUpdate<t> {<br> command void change(t* newVal);<br>}</pre>
-
-<p>tos/lib/net/DisseminationValue.nc:<br>
-</p>
-<pre>interface DisseminationValue<t> {<br> command const t* get();<br> event void changed();<br>}</pre>
-<span style="font-family: monospace;"></span>
-
-<p>DisseminationUpdate is used by producers. The command <span
- style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">DisseminationUpdate.change()</span> should be
-called each time the producer wants to disseminate a new value, passing this
- new value as a parameter.<br>
-DisseminationValue is for consumers. The event <span
- style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">DisseminationValue.changed()</span> is
-signalled each time the disseminated value is changed (the producer has
-called <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">change</span>),
-and the command<span style="font-style: italic;"> <span
- style="font-weight: bold;">get</span></span> allows to obtain this new
-value. <br>
-</p>
-We build now a simple application (EasyDissemination) where one node
-(the producer) periodically disseminates the value of a counter to rest
-of the nodes in the network (consumers).
-As a first step, c<code></code>reate a new directory in <tt>apps</tt>
-named <span style="font-family: monospace;">EasyDissemination</span>:
-<pre>$ cd tinyos-2.x/apps<br>$ mkdir EasyDissemination<br></pre>
-Inside this directory, create a file <code>EasyDisseminationC.nc</code>,
-which
-has this code:
-<pre>#include <Timer.h><br><br>module EasyDisseminationC {<br> uses interface Boot;<br> uses interface DisseminationValue<uint16_t> as Value;<br> uses interface DisseminationUpdate<uint16_t> as Update;<br> uses interface Leds;<br> uses interface Timer<TMilli>;<br>}<br><br>implementation {<br><br> uint16_t counter;<br><br> task void ShowCounter() {<br> if (counter & 0x1) <br> call Leds.led0On();<br> else <br> call Leds.led0Off();<br> if (counter & 0x2) <br> call Leds.led1On();<br> else <br> call Leds.led1Off();<br> if (counter & 0x4) <br> call Leds.led2On();<br> else<br> call Leds.led2Off();<br> }<br> <br> event void Boot.booted() {<br> counter = 0;<br> if ( TOS_NODE_ID == 1 ) <br> call Timer.startPeriodic(2000);<br> }<br><br> event void Timer.fired() {<br> counter = counter + 1;<br> // show counter in leds<br> post ShowCounter();<br> // disseminate counter value<br> call Update.change(&counter);<br> }<br><br> event void Value.changed() {<br> const uint16_t* newVal = call Value.get();<br> // show new counter in leds<br> counter = *newVal;<br> post ShowCounter();<br> }<br>}<br></pre>
-We assume that the base station is the node with ID = 1. First
-note that the base station will periodically (every 2 seconds)
-increment a 3-bit counter, display the counter using its three leds, and disseminate it
-through the network. This is done using the change command provided in
-the DisseminationUpdate interface:<br>
-<pre> call Update.change(&counter);</pre>
-Second, note that when a node receives a change notification, it
-updates its counter value and shows it on the leds:<br>
-<pre> event void Value.changed() {<br> const uint16_t* newVal = call Value.get();<br> // show new counter in leds<br> counter = *newVal;<br> post ShowCounter();<br> }<br></pre>
-The <code>EasyDisseminationAppC.nc</code>
-provides the needed wiring:
-<pre>configuration EasyDisseminationAppC {}<br>implementation {<br> components EasyDisseminationC;<br><br> components MainC;<br> EasyDisseminationC.Boot -> MainC;<br><br> components new DisseminatorC(uint16_t, 0x1234) as Diss16C;<br> EasyDisseminationC.Value -> Diss16C;<br> EasyDisseminationC.Update -> Diss16C;<br><br> components LedsC;<br> EasyDisseminationC.Leds -> LedsC;<br><br> components new TimerMilliC();<br> EasyDisseminationC.Timer -> TimerMilliC;<br>}<br></pre>
-<p>Note that both Dissemination interfaces we use are provided by the
-module DisseminatorC. <br>
-This module provides the Dissemination service:<br>
-</p>
-<p>tos/lib/net/Dissemination/DisseminationC.nc:</p>
-<prehead></prehead>
-<pre> generic configuration DisseminatorC(typedef t, uint16_t key) {<br> provides interface DisseminationValue<t>;<br> provides interface DisseminationUpdate<t>;<br>}<br></pre>
-Note that we need to specify to the Disseminartor module a type t and a
-key. In our case, the value we want to disseminate is
-just an unsigned two-byte counter. The key allows to have
-different instances of DisseminatroC. <br>
-<br>
-To compile this program we use create the following Makefile:<br>
-<pre>COMPONENT=EasyDisseminationAppC<br>CFLAGS += -I$(TOSDIR)/lib/net<br><br>include $(MAKERULES)<br></pre>
-Now install this program into several nodes (make sure you have one
-base station, that is, one node whose ID is 1) and see how the counter
-displayed in the base station is "disseminated" to all the nodes
-belonging to the network. You will also notice that dissemination works across
-resets, i.e., if you reset a node it will rapidly re-'synchronize' and display
-the correct value after it reboots.
-<br>
-<br>
-For more information, read TEP118 [Dissemination].<br>
-<br>
-<h1>Collection<br>
-</h1>
-<p>Collection is the complementary operation to disseminating and it
-consists in "collecting" the data generated in the network into a base
-stations. The general approach used is to build one
-or more collection <em>trees</em>, each of which is rooted at a base
-station. When a node has data which needs to be collected, it
-sends the data up the tree, and it forwards collection data that
-other nodes send to it. <br>
-</p>
-<p>We build now a simple application (EasyCollection) where nodes
-periodically send information to a base station which collects all the
-data.<br>
-As a first step, c<code></code>reate a new directory in <tt>apps</tt>
-named <span style="font-family: monospace;">EasyCollection</span>:
-</p>
-<pre>$ cd tinyos-2.x/apps<br>$ mkdir EasyCollection<br></pre>
-Inside this directory, create a file <code>EasyCollectionC.nc</code>,
-which
-has the following code:
-<pre>#include <Timer.h><br><br>module EasyCollectionC {<br> uses interface Boot;<br> uses interface SplitControl as RadioControl;<br> uses interface StdControl as RoutingControl;<br> uses interface Send;<br> uses interface Leds;<br> uses interface Timer<TMilli>;<br> uses interface RootControl;<br> uses interface Receive;<br>}<br>implementation {<br> message_t packet;<br> bool sendBusy = FALSE;<br><br> typedef nx_struct EasyCollectionMsg {<br> nx_uint16_t data;<br> } EasyCollectionMsg;<br><br> event void Boot.booted() {<br> call RadioControl.start();<br> }<br> <br> event void RadioControl.startDone(error_t err) {<br> if (err != SUCCESS)<br> call RadioControl.start();<br> else {<br> call RoutingControl.start();<br> if (TOS_NODE_ID == 1) <br> call RootControl.setRoot();<br> else<br> call Timer.startPeriodic(2000);<br> }<br> }<br><br> event void RadioControl.stopDone(error_t err) {}<br><br> void sendMessage() {<br> EasyCollectionMsg* msg = (EasyCollectionMsg*)call Send.getPayload(&packet);<br> msg->data = 0xAAAA;<br> <br> if (call Send.send(&packet, sizeof(EasyCollectionMsg)) != SUCCESS) <br> call Leds.led0On();<br> else <br> sendBusy = TRUE;<br> }<br> event void Timer.fired() {<br> call Leds.led2Toggle();<br> if (!sendBusy)<br> sendMessage();<br> }<br> <br> event void Send.sendDone(message_t* m, error_t err) {<br> if (err != SUCCESS) <br> call Leds.led0On();<br> sendBusy = FALSE;<br> }<br> <br> event message_t* <br> Receive.receive(message_t* msg, void* payload, uint8_t len) {<br> call Leds.led1Toggle(); <br> return msg;<br> }<br>}<br></pre>
-<p> Lets take a look at this program. First note that all nodes
-turn on the radio into the Boot sequence:<br>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<pre> event void Boot.booted() {<br> call RadioControl.start();<br> }</pre>
-<p>Once we are sure that the radio is on, we start the routing sub-system
-(that
-is, to generate the collection <span style="font-style: italic;">tree</span>):<br>
-</p>
-<pre>call RoutingControl.start();</pre>
-Next we need need to specify the root of the collection tree, that is,
-the node that will receive all the data packets. For this, we use the
-interface RootControl:<br>
-tos/lib/net/RootControl.nc<br>
-<pre>interface RootControl {<br> command error_t setRoot();<br> command error_t unsetRoot();<br> command bool isRoot();<br>}<br></pre>
-<p>This interface controls whether the current node is a root of the
-tree. Using the setRoot() command and assuming that the base station ID
-is 1, we select the root of the collection <span
- style="font-style: italic;">tree</span> as follows:<br>
-</p>
-<pre>if (TOS_NODE_ID == 1) <br> call RootControl.setRoot(); <br>else<br> call Timer.startPeriodic(2000);</pre>
-<p>The remaining nodes in the network periodically generate some data
-and send it to the base station. To send and receive data we use
-two interfaces that will be wired to the collection tree. That is, when
-we call the send command, the data packet will be sent through the
-collection tree. Similarly, the receive event will be only called
-in the root of the tree, that is, in the base station. When the base
-station receives a "collected" packet it just toggle a led. Now
-we will see how to wire these interfaces .<br>
-The <code>EasyCollectionAppC.nc</code>
-provides the needed wiring:<br>
-</p>
-<pre>configuration EasyCollectionAppC {}<br>implementation {<br> components EasyCollectionC, MainC, LedsC, ActiveMessageC;<br> components CollectionC as Collector;<br> components new CollectionSenderC(0xee);<br> components new TimerMilliC();<br><br> EasyCollectionC.Boot -> MainC;<br> EasyCollectionC.RadioControl -> ActiveMessageC;<br> EasyCollectionC.RoutingControl -> Collector;<br> EasyCollectionC.Leds -> LedsC;<br> EasyCollectionC.Timer -> TimerMilliC;<br> EasyCollectionC.Send -> CollectionSenderC;<br> EasyCollectionC.RootControl -> Collector;<br> EasyCollectionC.Receive -> Collector.Receive[0xee];<br>}<br></pre>
-<p>Most of the collection interfaces (RoutingControl, RootControl and
-Receive) are provided by the CollectionC module. The send
-interface is provided by CollectionSenderC which is
-a virtualized collection sender abstraction module.<br>
-This is an extract of the signature of the CollectionC module and
-CollectionSenderC:<br>
-tos/lib/net/ctp/CollectionC.nc<br>
-</p>
-<pre>configuration CollectionC {<br> provides {<br> interface StdControl;<br> interface Send[uint8_t client];<br> interface Receive[collection_id_t id];<br> interface Receive as Snoop[collection_id_t];<br> interface Intercept[collection_id_t id];<br><br> interface Packet;<br> interface CollectionPacket;<br> interface CtpPacket;<br><br> interface CtpInfo;<br> interface CtpCongestion;<br> interface RootControl; <br> }<br></pre>
-<p>tos/lib/net/ctp/CollectionSenderC:<br>
-</p>
-<pre> generic configuration CollectionSenderC(collection_id_t collectid) {<br> provides {<br> interface Send;<br> interface Packet;<br> }</pre>
-<p>Note that the sender and receive interfaces requires a
-collection_id_t to differentiate different possible collections trees. <br>
-Note also that the CollectionC module provides some other
-interfaces in addition to the ones used in this example. As we explained
-previously, the CollectionC module generates a collection tree that
-will be using for
-the routing. These interfaces can be used get information or modify
-this routing tree. For instance, if we want to obtain information about
-this tree we use
-the CtpInfo interface (see tos/lib/net/ctp/CtpInfo.nc) and if we
-want to indicate/query if any node/sink is congested we use the
-CtpCongestion interface (see tos/lib/net/ctp/CtpCongestion.nc)<br>
-</p>
-<p>Finally, to compile this program we create the following
-Makefile:<br>
-</p>
-<pre>COMPONENT=EasyCollectionAppC<br>CFLAGS += -I$(TOSDIR)/lib/net \<br> -I$(TOSDIR)/lib/net/4bitle \<br> -I$(TOSDIR)/lib/net/ctp<br>include $(MAKERULES)<br></pre>
-Now install this program into several nodes (make sure you have one
-base station, that is, one node whose ID is 1) and see how all the
-packets generated in the nodes are collected in the base station.<br>
-<br>
-For more information, read TEP119 [Collection].<br>
-<br>
-<h1>To experiment further <br>
-</h1>
-If you want to experiment with a more complex application take a look
-at apps/test/TestNetwork/ which combines dissemination and collection
-into a single application.<br>
-<br>
-<h1>Related Documentation</h1>
-<ul>
- <li><a href="../tep108.html">TEP 118: Dissemination</a></li>
- <li><a href="../tep119.html">TEP 119: Collection</a><br>
- </li>
-</ul>
-<p>
-</p>
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