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<div class="section">
<h1><a id="introduction" name="introduction">1. Introduction</a></h1>
<p>TinyOS platforms have limited energy. A unified power management
-strategy for all devices and peripherpals is not feasible, as
+strategy for all devices and peripherals is not feasible, as
they vary significantly in warm-up times, power profiles, and
operation latencies. While some devices, such as
microcontrollers, can efficiently calculate their lowest possible
power state very quickly, others, such as sensors with warm-up
times, require external knowledge to do so.</p>
-<p>In TinyOS 1.x, an application is responsible for all power management.
+<p>In TinyOS 1.x, applications are responsible for all power management.
Low-level subsystems, such as an SPI bus, are explicitly powered on
and off by higher level abstractions. This approach of deep calls
-to StdControl.start and StdControl.stop introduces strange behaviors
+to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">StdControl.start()</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">StdControl.stop()</span></tt> introduces strange behaviors
and can get in the way of power conservation. Turning off the radio
on the Telos platform, for example, turns off the SPI bus and therefore
prevents the flash driver from working. Additionally, the microcontroller
<p>The explicit model provides a means for a single client to manually
control the power state of a dedicated physical device (as defined by
<a class="citation-reference" href="#tep108" id="id3" name="id3">[TEP108]</a>). Whenever this client tells the device to power up or down
-it does so without delay (albeit that caused by hardware). This model
+it does so without delay (except for delays in the hardware of course).
+This model
can be particularly useful when the control information driving the
selection of the proper power state of a device relies on external
logic contained in higher level components. The following section
provide one of these three interfaces.
The selection of the right interface depends on the
latencies involved in changing between these two states as well as the
-nature of the code (sync or async) executing any of the interfaces
+nature of the code (sync or async) executing any of the interface's
commands.</p>
<div class="section">
<h2><a id="power-management-with-stdcontrol" name="power-management-with-stdcontrol">3.1 Power Management with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">StdControl</span></tt></a></h2>
interfaces implemented by the device to succeed.</p>
<p>Upon the successful return of a call to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">StdControl.stop()</span></tt>, a
device MUST be completely powered down, and any calls to commands
-of other interfaces implemented by that device MUST return FAIL or EOFF.</p>
+of other interfaces implemented by that device that actually access
+the device hardware MUST return FAIL or EOFF.</p>
<p>If a device is not able to complete the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">StdControl.start()</span></tt> or
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">StdControl.stop()</span></tt> request for any reason, it MUST return FAIL.</p>
<p>Based on these specifications, the following matrix has been created
<div class="section">
<h2><a id="power-management-with-splitcontrol" name="power-management-with-splitcontrol">3.2 Power Management with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl</span></tt></a></h2>
<p>When a device's powerup and powerdown times are non-negligible, the
-<em>``SplitControl``</em> interface MUST be used in place of the <em>``StdControl``</em>
+<em>``SplitControl``</em> interface SHOULD be used in place of the <em>``StdControl``</em>
interface. The definition of this interface can be seen below:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
interface SplitControl {
<p>An external component MUST call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl.start()</span></tt> to power a
device on and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl.stop()</span></tt> to power a device off. Calls to
either command return one of SUCCESS, FAIL, EBUSY, or
-EALREADY. SUCCESS indicates that the device has now started chaning
-its power mode and it will signal a corresponding completion event in
-the future. EBUSY indicates that the device is in the midst of the
-other operation (e.g., it is starting when stop is called or stopping
+EALREADY. SUCCESS indicates that the device has now started changing
+its power state and will signal a corresponding completion event in
+the future. EBUSY indicates that the device is in the midst of either starting
+or stopping (e.g., it is starting when stop is called or stopping
when start is called) and will not issue an event. EALREADY indicates
-that the device is already in that state; the call is erroneus and a
+that the device is already in that state; the call is erroneous and a
completion event will not be signaled. FAIL indicates that the
device's power state could not be changed. More explicitly:</p>
<p>Successful calls to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl.start()</span></tt> MUST signal one of
of other interfaces implemented by the device MAY succeed.</p>
<p>Upon signalling a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl.stopDone(SUCCESS)</span></tt>, a device MUST be
completely powered down, and any subsequent calls to commands of other
-interfaces implemented by the device MUST return EOFF or FAIL.</p>
+interfaces implemented by the device that actually access
+the device hardware MUST return EOFF or FAIL.</p>
<p>If a device is powered on and a successful call to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl.stop()</span></tt>
signals a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl.stopDone(FAIL)</span></tt>, the device MUST still be fully
powered on, and operation requests through calls to commands of other
SUCCESS, with the anticipation that a corresponding
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl.startDone()</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl.stopDone()</span></tt>
will be signaled in the future.</p>
-<p>Calls to <cite>SplitControl.start()`</cite> when the device is started
+<p>Calls to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl.start()</span></tt> when the device is started
or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl.stop()</span></tt> while the device is stopped MUST
return EALREADY, indicating that the device is already in that
state. The corresponding completion event (startDone for start
or stopDone for stop) MUST NOT be signaled.</p>
-<p>Calls to <cite>SplitControl.start()`</cite> when the device is stopping or
+<p>Calls to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl.start()</span></tt> when the device is stopping or
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl.stop()</span></tt> while the device is starting MUST return
EBUSY, indicating that the device is busy performing a differnet
operation. The correspodning completion event (startDone for start or
}
}
</pre>
+<div class="note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p>Other approaches were considered for the return values of
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl.start()</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl.stop()</span></tt>. One such
+approach would have replaced EBUSY with SUCCESS when
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl.start()</span></tt> was called while in the process of stopping
+and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl.stop()</span></tt> was called while in the process of starting.
+However, implementing such an approach adds unwanted complexity to
+a device driver. It is unreasonable to expect the implementor of
+each driver to implement this functionality.</p>
+<p class="last">Returning EBUSY is the most straightforward, unambiguous value
+that can be returned in such a situation. By returning
+EBUSY when a device is in a transitional state, the components
+built on top of a driver unambiguously know exactly why a call to
+<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">start()</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stop()</span></tt> did not succeed, and can take action accordingly.
+Since only ONE component should ever implement the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl</span></tt>
+interface for a given device, it isn't unreasonable to expect them
+to keep track of this return value themselves. There is, of course,
+nothing preventing someone from creating a component
+on top of each driver implementation that implements things differently.</p>
+</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a id="power-management-with-asyncstdcontrol" name="power-management-with-asyncstdcontrol">3.3 Power Management with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AsyncStdControl</span></tt></a></h2>
restricted in some sense, it is preferable that the system provide
architectural support for enforcing a meaningful <em>default</em> power-management
policy instead of passing that task on to the application programmer to be
-solved on a case-by-case basis.</p>
+solved on a case-by-case basis. The following section discusses these power
+management policies and the components that implement them in greater detail.</p>
<div class="section">
<h2><a id="power-management-policies" name="power-management-policies">4.1. Power Management Policies</a></h2>
<p>Just as generic arbiters are offered in TinyOS 2.x to provide the
arbitration functionality required by shared resources, generic power
management policies are also offered to allow the power management of
-non-virtualised devices to be automatically control.</p>
+non-virtualised devices to be automatically controlled.</p>
<p>Through the use of the arbiter components described in <a class="citation-reference" href="#tep108" id="id6" name="id6">[TEP108]</a>,
device drivers implemented as shared resources provide the type of
restricted resource interdependency where default power-management
(or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">immediateRequested()</span></tt> event) from the arbiter it is associated with.
Upon receiving this event, the <em>Power Manager</em> MUST power up the
resource through the StdControl-like interface provided by the lower level
-abstraction of the physical device. The <em>Power Manager</em> SHOULD release the
+abstraction of the physical device. The <em>Power Manager</em> MUST release the
ownership of the resource (using the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ResourceDefaultOwner.release()</span></tt>
-command) but MUST wait until after the resource has been fully powered on
+command) and MUST wait until after the resource has been fully powered on
before doing so.</p>
<p>Modeling devices as shared resources and allowing them to be
controlled in the way described here, solves the problems outlined in
requested and released. The second policy is implemented using
a <em>deferred</em> power control scheme, whereby devices are powered
on immediately after being requested, but powered off after
-some small delay from being released.</p>
+some small delay from being released. This delay is configurable
+to meet the varying needs of different device drivers.</p>
<p>Each policy has three different implementations for use by each of
the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">StdControl</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SplitControl</span></tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AsyncStdControl</span></tt>
interfaces.</p>
<h1><a id="author-s-address" name="author-s-address">5. Author's Address</a></h1>
<div class="line-block">
<div class="line">Kevin Klues</div>
-<div class="line">503 Bryan Hall</div>
-<div class="line">Washington University</div>
-<div class="line">St. Louis, MO 63130</div>
+<div class="line">444 Gates Hall</div>
+<div class="line">Stanford University</div>
+<div class="line">Stanford, CA 94305-9030</div>
<div class="line"><br /></div>
-<div class="line">phone - +1-314-935-6355</div>
-<div class="line">email - <a class="reference" href="mailto:klueska@cs.wustl.edu">klueska@cs.wustl.edu</a></div>
+<div class="line">email - <a class="reference" href="mailto:klueska@cs.stanford.edu">klueska@cs.stanford.edu</a></div>
<div class="line"><br /></div>
<div class="line">Vlado Handziski</div>
<div class="line">Sekr FT5</div>
======================================================================
TinyOS platforms have limited energy. A unified power management
-strategy for all devices and peripherpals is not feasible, as
+strategy for all devices and peripherals is not feasible, as
they vary significantly in warm-up times, power profiles, and
operation latencies. While some devices, such as
microcontrollers, can efficiently calculate their lowest possible
power state very quickly, others, such as sensors with warm-up
times, require external knowledge to do so.
-In TinyOS 1.x, an application is responsible for all power management.
+In TinyOS 1.x, applications are responsible for all power management.
Low-level subsystems, such as an SPI bus, are explicitly powered on
and off by higher level abstractions. This approach of deep calls
-to StdControl.start and StdControl.stop introduces strange behaviors
+to ``StdControl.start()`` and ``StdControl.stop()`` introduces strange behaviors
and can get in the way of power conservation. Turning off the radio
on the Telos platform, for example, turns off the SPI bus and therefore
prevents the flash driver from working. Additionally, the microcontroller
The explicit model provides a means for a single client to manually
control the power state of a dedicated physical device (as defined by
[TEP108]_). Whenever this client tells the device to power up or down
-it does so without delay (albeit that caused by hardware). This model
+it does so without delay (except for delays in the hardware of course).
+This model
can be particularly useful when the control information driving the
selection of the proper power state of a device relies on external
logic contained in higher level components. The following section
provide one of these three interfaces.
The selection of the right interface depends on the
latencies involved in changing between these two states as well as the
-nature of the code (sync or async) executing any of the interfaces
+nature of the code (sync or async) executing any of the interface's
commands.
3.1 Power Management with ``StdControl``
Upon the successful return of a call to ``StdControl.stop()``, a
device MUST be completely powered down, and any calls to commands
-of other interfaces implemented by that device MUST return FAIL or EOFF.
+of other interfaces implemented by that device that actually access
+the device hardware MUST return FAIL or EOFF.
If a device is not able to complete the ``StdControl.start()`` or
``StdControl.stop()`` request for any reason, it MUST return FAIL.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
When a device's powerup and powerdown times are non-negligible, the
-*``SplitControl``* interface MUST be used in place of the *``StdControl``*
+*``SplitControl``* interface SHOULD be used in place of the *``StdControl``*
interface. The definition of this interface can be seen below::
interface SplitControl {
An external component MUST call ``SplitControl.start()`` to power a
device on and ``SplitControl.stop()`` to power a device off. Calls to
either command return one of SUCCESS, FAIL, EBUSY, or
-EALREADY. SUCCESS indicates that the device has now started chaning
-its power mode and it will signal a corresponding completion event in
-the future. EBUSY indicates that the device is in the midst of the
-other operation (e.g., it is starting when stop is called or stopping
+EALREADY. SUCCESS indicates that the device has now started changing
+its power state and will signal a corresponding completion event in
+the future. EBUSY indicates that the device is in the midst of either starting
+or stopping (e.g., it is starting when stop is called or stopping
when start is called) and will not issue an event. EALREADY indicates
-that the device is already in that state; the call is erroneus and a
+that the device is already in that state; the call is erroneous and a
completion event will not be signaled. FAIL indicates that the
device's power state could not be changed. More explicitly:
Upon signalling a ``SplitControl.stopDone(SUCCESS)``, a device MUST be
completely powered down, and any subsequent calls to commands of other
-interfaces implemented by the device MUST return EOFF or FAIL.
+interfaces implemented by the device that actually access
+the device hardware MUST return EOFF or FAIL.
If a device is powered on and a successful call to ``SplitControl.stop()``
signals a ``SplitControl.stopDone(FAIL)``, the device MUST still be fully
``SplitControl.startDone()`` or ``SplitControl.stopDone()``
will be signaled in the future.
-Calls to `SplitControl.start()`` when the device is started
+Calls to ``SplitControl.start()`` when the device is started
or ``SplitControl.stop()`` while the device is stopped MUST
return EALREADY, indicating that the device is already in that
state. The corresponding completion event (startDone for start
or stopDone for stop) MUST NOT be signaled.
-Calls to `SplitControl.start()`` when the device is stopping or
+Calls to ``SplitControl.start()`` when the device is stopping or
``SplitControl.stop()`` while the device is starting MUST return
EBUSY, indicating that the device is busy performing a differnet
operation. The correspodning completion event (startDone for start or
....
}
}
-
+
+.. Note::
+
+ Other approaches were considered for the return values of
+ ``SplitControl.start()`` and ``SplitControl.stop()``. One such
+ approach would have replaced EBUSY with SUCCESS when
+ ``SplitControl.start()`` was called while in the process of stopping
+ and ``SplitControl.stop()`` was called while in the process of starting.
+ However, implementing such an approach adds unwanted complexity to
+ a device driver. It is unreasonable to expect the implementor of
+ each driver to implement this functionality.
+
+ Returning EBUSY is the most straightforward, unambiguous value
+ that can be returned in such a situation. By returning
+ EBUSY when a device is in a transitional state, the components
+ built on top of a driver unambiguously know exactly why a call to
+ ``start()`` or ``stop()`` did not succeed, and can take action accordingly.
+ Since only ONE component should ever implement the ``SplitControl``
+ interface for a given device, it isn't unreasonable to expect them
+ to keep track of this return value themselves. There is, of course,
+ nothing preventing someone from creating a component
+ on top of each driver implementation that implements things differently.
3.3 Power Management with ``AsyncStdControl``
----------------------------------------------------------------------
restricted in some sense, it is preferable that the system provide
architectural support for enforcing a meaningful *default* power-management
policy instead of passing that task on to the application programmer to be
-solved on a case-by-case basis.
+solved on a case-by-case basis. The following section discusses these power
+management policies and the components that implement them in greater detail.
4.1. Power Management Policies
Just as generic arbiters are offered in TinyOS 2.x to provide the
arbitration functionality required by shared resources, generic power
management policies are also offered to allow the power management of
-non-virtualised devices to be automatically control.
+non-virtualised devices to be automatically controlled.
Through the use of the arbiter components described in [TEP108]_,
device drivers implemented as shared resources provide the type of
(or ``immediateRequested()`` event) from the arbiter it is associated with.
Upon receiving this event, the *Power Manager* MUST power up the
resource through the StdControl-like interface provided by the lower level
-abstraction of the physical device. The *Power Manager* SHOULD release the
+abstraction of the physical device. The *Power Manager* MUST release the
ownership of the resource (using the ``ResourceDefaultOwner.release()``
-command) but MUST wait until after the resource has been fully powered on
+command) and MUST wait until after the resource has been fully powered on
before doing so.
Modeling devices as shared resources and allowing them to be
requested and released. The second policy is implemented using
a *deferred* power control scheme, whereby devices are powered
on immediately after being requested, but powered off after
-some small delay from being released.
+some small delay from being released. This delay is configurable
+to meet the varying needs of different device drivers.
Each policy has three different implementations for use by each of
the ``StdControl``, ``SplitControl``, and ``AsyncStdControl``
5. Author's Address
====================================================================
| Kevin Klues
-| 503 Bryan Hall
-| Washington University
-| St. Louis, MO 63130
+| 444 Gates Hall
+| Stanford University
+| Stanford, CA 94305-9030
|
-| phone - +1-314-935-6355
-| email - klueska@cs.wustl.edu
+| email - klueska@cs.stanford.edu
|
| Vlado Handziski
| Sekr FT5
projects / tinyos-2.x.git / commitdiff